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Plants 2022, 11, 2379 4 of 18 2.3. Total Free Amino Acids (TFAA) The results revealed that salinity stress significantly enhanced TFAA B-14011 (73% and 103%) as compared to B-10008 (18% and 24%) in leaves and roots, respectively, as compared to control treatment (Table 2). However, TFAA contents in leaves and roots were reduced from 6% (B-10008) to 13% (B-14011) and 6%, (B-10008) to 15% (B-14011), respectively, after Si application when compared to saline treatment alone (Table 2). 2.4. H2O2 and MDA Content The data (Table 2) exhibited that when compared to control conditions the leaf and root’s H2O2 contents were increased under a salty environment (200 mM NaCl). Under salt stress, the maximum increase in leaf (372%) and roots (152%) H2O2 contents were observed in B-14011 and B-10008, respectively. While the application of 200 ppm Si detoxified the harmful effect of H2O2 in leaves (36%) and roots (42%) under salinity stress as compared to control. The MDA level is the indicator of lipid peroxidation and was increased with the increase in ROS (H2O2). The MDA was more significantly enhanced in roots (67%) and leaves (29%) of sensitive genotype (B-14011) while Si application tends to lower MDA contents in leaves and roots to 40% and 45%, respectively, under salinity stress when compared to their respective control plants (Table 2). The degree of H2O2 detoxification and MDA contents was more pronounced in leaves of B-10008, while the roots of B-14011 showed maximum decline with Si application under salinity stress when compared to the counterpart barely genotype. 2.5. Activity of Enzymatic Antioxidants Elimination of ROS produced during oxidative stress is a natural phenomenon in plants. As the plants counter with excessive ROS (O2−, OH·, H2O2) they start synthesizing antioxidants to minimize its harmful effect. Under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl) the activity of enzymatic antioxidant was augmented in the leaves and root of barley genotypes. Comparatively the activities antioxidants, i.e., SOD (27%), POD (32%), APX (22%) and GR (45%) in leaves and the activities of SOD (38%), APX (46%), CAT (33%) and GR (35%) in roots of tolerant genotype (B-10008) was higher under salt stress as compared to control counterparts. Whereas in salt sensitive genotype, CAT (88%) and POD (75%) in leaves and POD (68%) activities in roots were higher under salinity stress when compared to control plants. Si application (200 ppm) through rooting media further enhanced the activities of enzymatic antioxidants, especially under salinity stress. Maximum accumulation in SOD (14%, 34%), APX (26%, 33%) and POD (28, 54%) was found in leaves and roots of sensitive genotype (B-14011). Whereas the rooting application of Si under salinity stress in tolerant genotype (B-10008) resulted in the synthesis of higher leaf and root CAT (16%, 22%) and GR (24%, 15%) contents, respectively. The Si-mediated enhancement in the accumulation of enzymatic antioxidants was comparatively higher in genotype B-14011 comparable to B-10008 under salt stress after application of Si through rooting media (Figures 1 and 2).PDF Image | Silicon-Induced Mitigation of NaCl Stress in Barley
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Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |