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Nanomaterials 2021, 11, x Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 810 4 of transport sectors. Depending on the type, there are disadvantages linked to efficienc However, all the batteries listed above are far from allowing the existence of a society cost, toxicity or safety, which severely limit a mass use as needed [10]. based on renewable sources, where a large amount of energy is stored for residential and Among all types of batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a crucial role in t transport sectors. Depending on the type, there are disadvantages linked to efficiency, cost, evolution of modern technologies [61–65]: they are used in laptops, cell phones, electr toxicity or safety, which severely limit a mass use as needed [10]. vehicles and many other devices [66–70]. Made with graphitized carbon as anode materi Among all types of batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a crucial role in the and a transition metal oxide as cathode, they are able to accumulate 240 Wh kg−1 or 6 evolution of modern technologies [61–65]: they are used in laptops, cell phones, electric −1 4 of 29 vWehihclLes anfodrmthaonyusoathnedrsdoefvicyescl[e6s6–[701]]..MTahdeeywitihllgpraropbhiatbizleyddcrairvbeonteacshanoldoegmicatlerpiraol gress f and a transition metal oxide as cathode, they are able to accumulate 240 Wh kg−1 or many other years, as no better batteries (in terms of energy density and lightweight) w 640 Wh L−1 for thousands of cycles [71]. They will probably drive technological progress be available in the near future. The LIB, however, possesses multiple drawbacks [72–7 for many other years, as no better batteries (in terms of energy density and lightweight) will One of the main limitations is the relatively scarce concentration of lithium in the Earth be available in the near future. The LIB, however, possesses multiple drawbacks [72–76]. crust [77,78], that in addition is mostly located in a few countries (Bolivia and Chile o One of the main limitations is the relatively scarce concentration of lithium in the Earth’s more than 50% of global resources, as depicted in Figure 2). Difficulties with current tec crust [77,78], that in addition is mostly located in a few countries (Bolivia and Chile owe nology in disposing the exhausted LIBs and in recovering lithium from them at reasonab more than 50% of global resources, as depicted in Figure 2). Difficulties with current tech- prices make the situation worse [79–81]. Production cost, despite all the progresses mad nology in disposing the exhausted LIBs and in recovering lithium from them at reasonable pirsicsetsilmlaqkueitheehsigtuha,tiaondwaolrsoe[r7e9p–r8e1s].ePnrtosdaunctoiobnsctaocstl,ed.eFsipniatellayl,lthepreroagrespsersomblaedme,sisrelated still quite high, and also represents an obstacle. Finally, there are problems related to safety safety of use of the battery: over time, the anode degrades giving rise to dendritic fo of use of the battery: over time, the anode degrades giving rise to dendritic formations that mations that may lead to short circuits, overheating and possible battery explosion [10,8 may lead to short circuits, overheating and possible battery explosion [10,82–85]. 85]. FFigiugruer2e.2D.iDstirsibtruibtiuontionfliothfiluitmhiuremsourercseosuirnce2s01i9n.2A0d1a9p.tAedwapithedpewrmithisspioenrmfriosmsio[8n6]f.roCmop[y8r6ig].hCtopyrig EEddisiosno,n2,02109.19. Given all the reasons mentioned above, scientists are looking for new types of batteries Given all the reasons mentioned above, scientists are looking for new types of batte (the so-called “new chemistries” [87–91]). One of the most interesting solutions seems to ies (the so-called “new chemistries” [87–91]). One of the most interesting solutions see be represented by the rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) [92–96], which utilize to be represented by the rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) [92–96], which u magnesium cations as the active charge transporting species in solution and (in many cases) lize magnesium cations as the active charge transporting species in solution and (in ma metallic magnesium as the anode. A primary advantage of this technology is given by cases) metallic magnesium as the anode. A primary advantage of this technology is giv the solid magnesium anode that leads to high energy density values, well above those of by the solid magnesium anode that leads to high energy density values, well above tho lithium-based cells [97–101]. However, some issues have emerged when using elemental moafgnliethsiiuma-nbdasneodvecleslolslut[i9o7n–s1h0a1v]e. bHeeonwpervoepro,sesdo.mInethisisumeisnihraeviewe,mwerwgeildl hwighelinghut sing el the current pros and cons of MIBs, with a special focus on the role of metallic magnesium mental magnesium and novel solutions have been proposed. In this mini review, we w anodes and the most reliable alternatives when the upscaling of this technology (e.g., highlight the current pros and cons of MIBs, with a special focus on the role of metall for large-scale energy storage coupled with renewables) is conceived. In addition, the magnesium anodes and the most reliable alternatives when the upscaling of this techn nanodimensionality of the proposed anodic materials and its effect on the electrochemical ogy (e.g., for large-scale energy storage coupled with renewables) is conceived. In ad behaviour of the resulting MIBs will be highlighted, by discussing case studies based on tion, the nanodimensionality of the proposed anodic materials and its effect on the ele nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanopores, nanocrystals, nanoflakes and nanowires. trochemical behaviour of the resulting MIBs will be highlighted, by discussing case stu ies based on nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanopores, nanocrystals, nanoflakes and na owires. 2. Rechargeable Magnesium-Ion Batteries: State of Art h 4 o i 6 w h t 2 h m t n e s i o d d nPDF Image | Overview on Anodes for Magnesium Batteries
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |