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Metals 2021, 11, 1301 3 of 17 Table 2. Global vanadium ore reserve calculated by metallic vanadium in 2018 (10 kt) [30]. China Russia South Africa Australia United States Brazil 950 500 350 210 4.5 Table 3. Overview of major vanadium producers in the world in 2018 [30]. 13 Company Name Ansteel Pangang Group Co., Ltd. Russian (Evraz) company HBIS Group Chengsteel company Beijing Jianlong Heavy Industry Group Co., Ltd. Austria Treibacher Industrie AG Glencore (Xstrata) Sichuan Chuanwei Group Chengyu Vanadium Titanium Technology Co., Ltd. Sichuan Desheng Group Vanadium and Titanium Co., Ltd. Largo Resources Ltd. Brazil Maracás Menchen Mine Bushveld Vametco, South Africa Australia Atlantic Vanadium PTY Ltd. Vanchem Vanadium Product (Pty) Ltd. Czech Republic, Germany, Canada, Japan, India, Taiwan, Thailand, etc. Other Chinese manufacturers Production Capacity (V2 O5 )/t 40,000 30,000 25,000 15,000 13,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 11,000 6000 12,000 10,000 12,000 37,000 Products FeV, VN, vanadium oxide, V-Al alloy FeV, vanadium oxide, V-Al alloy, catalyst FeV, VN, ferrovanadium nitride, vanadium oxide VN, vanadium oxide V2O3, V2O5, FeV FeV, vanadium oxide V2 O5 Vanadium slag V2 O5 VN, vanadium oxide FeV, vanadium oxide FeV, vanadium oxide, catalyst V2O5, V-Al alloy, FeV, etc. V2O5, V-Al alloy, VN, FeV, etc. Raw Material 3. Chlorination Thermodynamics of Vanadium Oxides Vanadium in vanadium-titanium magnetite, vanadium slag, and stone coal mainly exists in trivalent form. Meanwhile, the V5+ compounds are the very stable. Thus, V2O3 and V2O5 were selected as the reactants for thermodynamic calculation by HSC Chemistry 6.4. The possibilities of V2O3 reacting with different chlorinating agents are calculated from the thermodynamic viewpoint as shown in Equations (1)–(10). Figure 1 shows the standard Gibbs free energies of reactions between V2O3 and chlorination agents at 0–1300 ◦C. V2O3 can be chlorinated to VCl3 by AlCl3, CCl4 and COCl2. Gibbs free energies of reaction between V2O3 and AlCl3 increases with increasing temperature. Thermodynamically, increasing temperature is not conducive to AlCl3 chlorination. However, V2O3 cannot be chlorinated to VCl3 by the NaCl, CaCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2, HCl or Cl2 at 0–1300 ◦C. V2O3 + 6NaCl = 2VCl3 + 3Na2O (1) V2O3 + 3CaCl2 = 2VCl3 + 3CaO (2) V2O3 + 3FeCl2 = 2VCl3 + 3FeO (3) Vanadium slag Vanadium slag, fly ash, spent catalyst Vanadium slag Vanadium slag Vanadium slag vanadium-titanium magnetite Vanadium slag Vanadium slag Vanadium-titanium magnetite Vanadium-titanium magnetite Vanadium-titanium magnetite Vanadium-titanium magnetite, vanadium slag Slag, waste catalyst, fuel ash, etc. Vanadium slag, waste catalyst, stone coalPDF Image | Extraction of the Rare Element Vanadium
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Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)