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Metals 2021, 11, 1301 2 of 17 materials mainly focused on the salt roasting process [1,8,9]. In this work, extraction of the rare element vanadium from vanadium-containing materials by chlorination method was summarized. Table 1 shows melting temperature, boiling temperature, and sublimation temperature for vanadium compounds [11,12]. According to Table 1, the melting point and boiling point of chloride are lower than those of corresponding oxides. Thus, chloride is easier to separate and enrich than oxide [13–15]. Chlorinated metallurgy has a wide range of applications in the treatment of ore, slag, solid wastes, etc. [16–22]. In the last century, the extraction of Ti from titanium ore by chlorination method has been industrialized [23]. Chlorinating agent plays an important role in chlorination metallurgy, which is divided into solid (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, AlCl3, FeCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2, NH4Cl, NaClO, NaClO3) and gas (Cl2, HCl, CCl4) [24–29]. Compared with gaseous chlorinating agents, the solid chlorinating agents are easier to handle and more environmentally friendly. Table 1. Melting temperature, boiling temperature, and sublimation temperature for vanadium compounds. V-O-Cl Substance VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 VOCl3 VO2Cl VOCl2 VOCl VO V2O3 VO2 V2O5 Transition Temperature (◦C) Tm = 1347 Ts = 1407 Tb = 1530 Ts = 833 Tb = 151 Tb = 127 Tb = 177 Ts = 511 Ts = 1120 Tm = 1790 Tm = 1970 Tm = 1545 Tm = 690 Tm, melting temperature; Tb, boiling temperature; Ts, sublimation temperature. The traditional chlorination method of extracting vanadium with NaCl as an additive will produce NaVO3 and then ammonia nitrogen wastewater will be produced in the process of preparing V2O5. The carbochlorination method of extracting vanadium to prepare VOCl3 will not produce ammonia nitrogen wastewater. Molten salt chlorination of extracting vanadium will obtain VCl3, and metal V will be obtained by molten salt electrolysis. In this work, these two new processes will be introduced. 2. Vanadium Reserves and the Major Vanadium Producers Table 2 shows the world’s vanadium ore reserves in 2018. More than 99% of the world’s vanadium ore reserves are concentrated in China, Russia, South Africa and Australia [30]. Meanwhile, China has the largest vanadium reserves. According to statistics, in 2018, about 16% of the world’s vanadium products directly came from vanadium-titanium magnetite, about 68% of the vanadium products came from the vanadium-rich steel slag (and a small amount of phosphorus-rich vanadium slag) obtained by vanadium-titanium magnetite after iron and steel metallurgical processing, and approximately 16% of vanadium products were produced from recovered vanadium-containing by-products (vanadium-containing fuel ash, waste chemical catalysts) and vanadium-containing stone coal [30]. Table 3 shows the overview of major vanadium producers in the world in 2018 [30]. In 2018, the world’s total vanadium output calculated in the form of metal vanadium was 91,844 t [30]. The global market share of vanadium products in 2018 was approximately 90.8% ferroalloy products (FeV, VN, ferrovanadium nitride, etc), approximately 4.2% non-ferrous metals such as Ti, and about 5% of vanadium compounds (vanadium oxide, ammonium vanadate, VOSO4, etc.) for the chemical industry, energy storage and other fields [30]. Like the consumption pattern of the global vanadium market, more than 90% of China’s vanadium is used in the steel industry in the form of vanadium alloys [30].PDF Image | Extraction of the Rare Element Vanadium
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Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)