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V O +3CaCl =2VCl +3CaO Metals 2021, 11, 1301 V2O3 + 3FeCl2 = 2VCl3 + 3FeO V2O3 + 2FeCl3 = 2VCl3 + Fe2O3 V2O3 + 2AlCl3 = 2VCl3 + Al2O3 (3) (4) 4 of 17 (5) (6) (4) 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 -300 -600 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Temperature/(oC) V2O3 + 3MgCl2 = 2VCl3 + 3MgO V2O3 + 2FeCl3 = 2VCl3 + Fe2O3 V2VO3O+ 6+H2CAll(Cgl) ==22VVCCl3l ++3HA2lOO(g) 233323 (7) V2O3 + 3MgCl2 = 2VCl3 + 3MgO (5) (6) V2O3 + 3Cl2 (g) = 2VCl3 + 1.5O2 (g) (8) V2O3 + 6HCl (g) = 2VCl3 + 3H2O (g) (7) (9) (8) V2O3 + 1.5CCl4 (g) = 2VCl3 + 1.5CO2 (g) V2O3 + 3Cl2 (g) = 2VCl3 + 1.5O2 (g) V O +1.5CCl (g)=2VCl +1.5CO (g) (10) 2V2O3 3 + 3COC4l2 (g) = 2VCl33 + 3CO2 (2g) V2O3 + 3COCl2 (g) = 2VCl3 + 3CO2 (g) (9) (10) NaCl CaCl2 FeCl2 FeCl3 AlCl3 MgCl2 HCl Cl2 CCl4 COCl2 Figure 1. The standard Gibbs free energies of reactions between V2O3 and chlorination agents Figure 1. The standard Gibbs free energies of reactions between V2O3 and chlorination agents (reac- (reactions 1–10). tions 1–10). The V2O5 reacting with different chlorinating agents are as follows: Equations (11)–(20). The V2O5 reacting with different chlorinating agents are as follows: Equations (11)– Figure 2 shows the standard Gibbs free energies of reactions between V2O5 and chlorination (20). Figure 2 shows the standard Gibbs free energies of reactions between V2O5 and chlo◦- agents. V2O5 can be chlorinated to VOCl3 by FeCl3, AlCl3, CCl4 and COCl2 at 0–1300 C. rination agents. V2O5 can be chlorinated to VOCl3 by FeCl3, AlCl3, CCl4 and COCl2 at 0– However, V2O3 cannot be chlorinated to VOCl3 by the NaCl, CaCl2, FeCl2, MgCl2, HCl 1300 °C. However, V2O3 cannot be chlorinated to VOCl3 by the NaCl, CaCl2, FeCl2, MgCl2, and Cl2 at 0–1300 ◦C. HCl and Cl2 at 0–1300 °C. V2O5 + 6NaCl = 2VOCl3 (g) + 3Na2O (11) V2O5 + 6NaCl = 2VOCl3 (g) + 3Na2O (11) V2O5 + 3CaCl2 = 2VOCl3 + 3CaO (12) V2O5 + 3MgCl2 = 2VOCl3 + 3MgO (13) V2O5 + 3FeCl2 = 2VOCl3 + 3FeO (14) V2O5 + 2FeCl3 = 2VOCl3 + Fe2O3 (15) V2O5 + 2AlCl3 = 2VOCl3 + Al2O3 (16) V2O5 + 6HCl (g) = 2VOCl3 + 3H2O (g) (17) V2O5 + 3COCl2 (g) = 2VOCl3 + 3CO2 (g) (18) V2O5 + 1.5CCl4 (g) = 2VOCl3 + 1.5CO2 (g) (19) V2O5 + 3Cl2 (g) = 2VOCl3 + 1.5O2 (g) (20) The V2O5 and V2O3 reacting with C and Cl2 in the temperature range from 0 ◦C to 1300 ◦C are expressed as follows in Equations (21) and (22). Figure 3 shows standard Gibbs free energies of reactions 21–22 at 0–1300 ◦C. Adding C realizes the chlorination of V2O5 ΔGrθ/(kJ/mol)PDF Image | Extraction of the Rare Element Vanadium
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Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)