PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 002
Batteries 2022, 8, 157 2 of 26 graphite as the most successful commercial anode for LIBs presented poor Na‐storage performance due to the mismatch between the large ion radius of Na+ and the relatively narrow interlayer distance (<0.37 nm) [18‐21]. The development of high‐performance NIB anodes becomes an urgent issue. At present, researchers have developed a series of an‐ odes for NIBs, including hard carbon, oxides, sulfides, etc. [22‐25]. However, considera‐ tion of the high electrochemical redox potential and high redox potential will result in the low energy density in the Na‐ion full battery. Thus, it is urgent to develop an anode with a low potential for NIBs. Compared with current conventional NIB anodes, Na metal an‐ odes can present extremely low working potential and higher theoretical specific capacity, which become the best choice of NIB anodes [26,27]. Therefore, the development of Na metal anodes with high stability and safety is of great significance for realizing high en‐ ergy density NIBs. Nevertheless, the practical application of Na metal anodes faces enor‐ mous challenges in terms of stability, safety, and reversibility [21,28]. Firstly, the organic electrolyte will decompose to a certain extent, and the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer will be formed on the Na metal surface when the organic electrolyte contacts the Na metal anodes [29‐31]. Since the SEI layer exhibits a porous and loose structure and unstable com‐ position, Na metal penetrates the SEI layer and deposits beneath the SEI layer during the Na plating process. With the continuous plating/stripping process, the Na metal will arise in a series of deposition and dissolution courses. This behavior leads to the fracture of the loose SEI layer, resulting in the appearance of bare Na metal in the anode [32,33]. A new SEI layer will be formed in the bare Na metal, aggravating the consumption of organic electrolytes. Secondly, the non‐uniform electric field exists due to the rough electrodes during the plating process, resulting in the non‐uniform Na metal deposition, which fa‐ cilitates the formation of Na dendrites [34‐36]. The dendrite growth increases the surface area of the Na metal and aggravates side reactions between the Na metal and the electro‐ lyte. With the continuous growth of Na dendrites, the separator is eventually pierced, which leads to the short circuit of the NIBs and causes serious safety hazards [37,38]. Short circuits are often accompanied by thermal runaway of the batteries, which can even result in battery combustion and explosion. Thirdly, after the Na dendrites grow during the plating process, part of the Na metal is easily dissolved from the roots of the dendrites first in the subsequent Na stripping process [39,40]. This behavior causes the separation of stem ends of the Na dendrites and Na metal anodes, triggering the loss of electron transfer channels, which is regarded as “dead Na” [41,42]. With the continuous increase in dead Na, the Na metal anode is severely depleted, which causes a sharp decrease in diffusion kinetics [43,44]. This dead Na leads to high resistance, resulting in increased po‐ larization and reduced energy efficiency. In addition, the volume change for Na metal anodes is infinitely higher than that of conventional anodes during the Na plating/strip‐ ping process. The problem of volume change is exacerbated by dendrite growth. The cor‐ responding schemes are shown in Figure 1a. These dilemmas all lead to the degradation of the performance of Na metal anodes.PDF Image | Electrolyte Engineering for Sodium Metal Batteries
PDF Search Title:
Electrolyte Engineering for Sodium Metal BatteriesOriginal File Name Searched:
batteries-08-00157.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |