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Gels 2022, 8, 193 10 of 13 Nikon Eclipse 50i POL). The morphologies of the xerogels were obtained by a Hitachi S-4800 SEM instrument operating at 3–5 kV; the xerogels were coated with a thin layer of Au before the experiment. FT-IR spectra were recorded on an FTS 3000 spectrometer with KBr pellets. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a Bruker D8-S4 instrument (Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.546 Å). The d spacing values were calculated by Bragg’s law (nλ = 2d sin θ). Theoretical calculation was performed by Gaussian 09, and all of the reported struc- tures were optimized by the density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP functional with the 6-31 G (d, p) basis set. Based on the (B3LYP/ 6-31 G (d, p)) optimized geometries, the energy results were further refined by single-point energy calculation at the B3LYP*/ 6-31 G (d, p) level of theory. Conductivities of the ionogels were measured using a conductivity meter (DDS-307A, Shanghai INESA Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., China). The electrode was immersed into the ionogel at a temperature above the Tg, followed by cooling at 25 ◦C for gela- tion. Conductivities at different temperatures were determined, and the temperature was controlled using a thermostatic heater. The Na+ transference number (TNa+) of the B8-BMPTFSI-NaTFSI gel was determined by a DC polarization method combined with impedance spectroscopy [30]. A small polarization (∆V, 50 mV) was applied to a symmet- rical Na/electrolyte/Na cell, and then the initial current (I0) and steady-state current (IS) were measured. The initial (R0) and final (RS) resistances of the passivation layers on the Na electrodes were also examined. TNa+ can be calculated according to TNa+ = IS (∆V - I0R0)/I0 (∆V - ISRS). Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/gels8030193/s1, Figure S1: Synthetic route of B8; Figure S2: Unit cell of the co-crystal of Z1 and H2O along the (a) a-axis, (b) b-axis, (c) c-axis. Color code: C = gray; H = white; O = red. (d) The chemical formula of Z1; Table S1: Crystallographic details of the co- crystal of Z1 and H2O; Table S1: Crystallographic details of the co-crystal of Z1 and H2O; Table S2: Performance parameters of ionogels for Na batteries; Figure S3: SEM images of the xerogels of (a) B8-BMPTFSI and (b) B8-BMPTFSI-NaTFSI ionogels; Figure S4: (a) Dynamic frequency sweep measurements and (b) Dynamic stress sweep measure-ments for B8-BMPTFSI-NaTFSI gel (4% B8, w/v; 0.3M NaTFSI); Figure S5: (a) B8-BMPTFSI-NaTFSI ionogel (4% B8, w/v, 0.3 M NaTFSI) (left), B8-BMPTFSI-NaTFSI ionogel (4% B8, w/v, 0.3 M NaTFSI) kept in inert environment at 50 ◦C for 30 days with Na (right); (b) 1H-NMR data of BMPTFSI of newly prepared ionogel; (c) 1H-NMR data of BMPTFSI of ionogel kept in inert environment at 50 ◦C for 30 days with Na; (d) 1H-NMR data of active groups of B8 in newly prepared ionogel; (e) 1H-NMR data of active groups of B8 in ionogel kept in inert environment at 50 ◦C for 30 days with Na; Figure S6–S8: 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS spectra of B8; CIF S1: Single-crystal XRD data of Z1; CIF S2: The self-assembly mode of B8. Author Contributions: S.C. contributed to conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analy- sis, investigation, data curation, writing the original draft, visualization, and project administration; L.F., Y.F. and Z.L. contributed to resources, reviewing and editing the article, and supervision; Y.H., X.W. and Y.K. contributed to conceptualization and resources; B.X. and L.H. contributed to resources, reviewing and editing the article, funding acquisition, and project administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was supported by Science and Technology Department of Henan Province (grant numbers: 202300410219), Henan Academy of Sciences (grant numbers: 200403009, 200603095, 210603033, 221303003, 220603059, 220603022, and 210603033), Natural Science Foundation of Guang- dong Province (grant numbers: 2021B1515140024). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.PDF Image | Thixotropic Ionogel Electrolyte for Sodium Batteries
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