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Plants 2022, 11, 2379 2 of 18 pose detrimental effects on global agricultural production as a result of its direct impact on the plant’s biochemical and molecular processes [3,4] primarily by inducing water deficit conditions; and secondarily through ionic toxicity and nutrient disequilibrium in cellular compartments [5,6]. It has been estimated that 20% of crop yield got reduced by nutrient imbalanced and soil contamination caused by salinity stress [7]. Moreover, an excessive accumulation of salts promotes leakage of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cell, and damages lipids, proteins and DNA structures [8,9]. Peroxisomes are main organelles for ROS (H2O2, O2−, 1O2, OH·) production during β-oxidation, fatty acid metabolism, photorespiration and glycolic acid oxidation reactions [10,11]. The immediate feedback of plants to scavenge excessive ROS is the activation of a defense system by producing soluble proteins and antioxidant (SOD, CAT, POD, AsA, α-tocopherol, phenolics, proline) [12,13]. These endoge- nous antioxidants efficiently detoxify ROS without damaging the cellular compartments. Although plants have the ability to scavenge excessive ROS, this capacity is still limited but can be enhanced by the application of different chemicals, nutrient supplements and growth regulators [14], i.e., growth regulators [14,15], nutrients [16], amino acids [17] and silicon [18,19] are used as a shotgun approach to augment resistance in plants against stressful conditions. Several studies have drawn special attention to the role of silicon as a shotgun approach in improving plant resistance against stressful conditions. It is ranked as the second abundant element on earth’s crust [20,21]. Its presence in plants tissues and soil varies depending on the type of plant species and ability to uptake from soil. Si absorption and transportation is a complex process that involves the influx and efflux of Si through transporters of the aquaporin family with specific selectivity properties. It is absorbed by plant roots only in the form of Si(OH)4 through Si (LSi1 and LSi2) transporters via apoplastic pathway [22,23]. The exogenous application of Si helps plants to mitigate the toxic effects of salinity by maintaining plant’s water relation [24], balanced Na+ and K+ levels [25] and boosted an- tioxidant response in different plant species as barley [26], rice [27], tomato [28], wheat [29] and maize [30]. Rooting the media application of Si helped to improve the plant’s growth and yield by effective detoxification of ROS. The supplement of Si has a slight edge over other exogenous application due to its high abundance and only a small amount of soluble silicon can alleviate salt tolerance and improve growth by modulating chlorophyll content and photosynthetic characteristics Therefore, it is need of time to understand the role of Si to understand the biochemical and antioxidant response of barley crop under salinity stress, to be used for better growth and productivity. 2. Results 2.1. Plants Vegetative Growth Vegetative growth of shoot and root (biomass and lengths) of barley genotypes showed significant effect of 200 mM NaCl and 200 ppm Si. The data showed that Si application increased shoot length (22% and 18%) and root length (20% and 17%), shoot fresh weight (18% and 11%), shoot dry weight (23% and 19%), root fresh weight (10% and 17%) and root dry weight (11% and 10%) in B-10008 and B-14011, respectively, as compared to control plants. It has been observed that 200 mM NaCl caused a reduction in: shoot length (27% and 60%); root length (19% and 57%); shoot fresh weights (30% and 78%); shoot dry weights (38% and 73%); root fresh weight (30 and 85%); and root dry weight (32% and 87%) in B-10008 and B-14011, respectively, However, the application of 200 ppm Si reduced the effect of salt (200 mM NaCl) stress by enhancing: shoot length (17% and 15%); root length (22% and 11%); shoot fresh weights (15% and 16%); shoot dry weights (21% and 14%); root fresh weight (36% and 33%); and root dry weight (37% and 31%) in B-10008 and B-14011, respectively, as compared to respective saline treatments (Table 1).PDF Image | Silicon-Induced Mitigation of NaCl Stress in Barley
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Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |