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Energies 2022, 15, 1611 4 of 23 Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of Figure 3. World reserves and proportions of lithium, nickel, and cobalt in 2020 (data from U. Figure 3. World reserves and proportions of lithium, nickel, and cobalt in 2020 (data from U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2021) [5,6]. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2021) [5,6]. Spent LIB’s reTchyeclainvgerpagroecleifsesecsyculesuoaflalycefilrlspthinovneolovrelsaoprtotipngist1h–e3byaetatersr,ieasnbdythbatttoefrEyVs is 8–1 chemistriesfoylleoawrse[d2]b.yIndtehepfudtiusrceh,aarglaergtoeanvuomidbearovfioLlIeBnstwreiallctbieonreftriroemdathndecshcrarpgpeedd,andt electrode materreicaylcslienxgposfesdpteonthLeIBasir.isDiumrminignednist.chFalurgoeri,npeo-csoitnivtaeilnyincghasrugbesdtalnitcheisuimn itohnems , such hexafluorophosphates in batteries and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ma move from the anode through the electrolyte and separator to the cathode, causing spent cause fluorine pollution and damage the ozone layer in the atmosphere [7]. The valuab cathode material to be enriched with lithium. The discharged batteries then go through metals in spent LIBs can enter the food chain by various methods, accumulating toxi physical disassembly, before undergoing electrolyte extraction, high-temperature melting and posing a serious risk to people’s lives and property [8]. Studies have shown that spe and extraction, smelting, direct recycling, or hydrometallurgy extraction. In this article, LIBs contain many valuable metals in higher concentrations than those found in industri we will summarize the pyrometallurgy process, the hydrometallurgy process, and the ores, typically containing 5–20% cobalt, 5–10% nickel, 5–7% lithium, 5–10% coppe biohydrometallurgy process, as well as their advantages and disadvantages (Table 1). aluminum, and iron [9], and are valued at US$7708 per ton [10]. The lithium content The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive vision of the global recycling spent LIBs is approximately 10 times that of primary lithium ore (lithium pyroxene) an of power lithium-ion batteries and related key metals, using an environmentally sustain- 30 times that of lithium chloride salts found in brine pools [11]. The metals therein wi able development approach, through a comprehensive literature review, followed by an exploration of the major discoveries of mechanisms influencing the development of the 2 S h a l n n a r oPDF Image | Recycling of Lithium Batteries
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |