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Overview on Anodes for Magnesium Batteries

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Overview on Anodes for Magnesium Batteries ( overview-anodes-magnesium-batteries )

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,x 2 of 28 Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 810 2 of 29 electricity and the electric power produced by photovoltaic panels in the Californian grid, in a typical spring day and depending on the various years from 2012 to 2020 [23,24]. An approximatively constant delta is observed in the early hours of the morning, which then the electric power produced by photovoltaic panels in the Californian grid, in a typical decreases as sun risepsrinagndapyhaondtodveopletnadicinpgroondthuectviaornioubseygeianrs.fTrohmis20te12ndtoe2n0c2y0 [i2s3,i2n4c].reAansainpgprloyxima- tively constant delta is observed in the early hours of the morning, which then decreases as emphasized as years pass, until the spread undergoes a real collapse moving towards sun rises and photovoltaic production begins. This tendency is increasingly emphasized 2020. In the central hours of the day, there is even an over-generation risk, as photovoltaic as years pass, until the spread undergoes a real collapse moving towards 2020. In the power rapidly increases and sums to the other means of production already in action, central hours of the day, there is even an over-generation risk, as photovoltaic power with the consequence that the instantaneously generated energy might be higher than the rapidly increases and sums to the other means of production already in action, with the demand,whichishciognhselqyudenacnegtheartotuhseifnosrtatnhtaeneloeucstlryicgietnyergarteid.enInergthyemfiignhatlbehhoiughrserotfhatnhethdeadyem,and, which is highly dangerous for the electricity grid. In the final hours of the day, the tendency the tendency is reversed: in a very short time, the demand for electricity goes up, while is reversed: in a very short time, the demand for electricity goes up, while photovoltaic photovoltaic panels stop producing, so that just where a peak of the demand is observed panels stop producing, so that just where a peak of the demand is observed it is no longer it is no longer possible to rely on solar energy. Due to the shape composed by the curves, possible to rely on solar energy. Due to the shape composed by the curves, which resemble whichresembleaduacdku,ctkh,tihsigsrgarapphhasbeenncaclaleldletdheth“deu“cdkucuckrvceu”r[2v5e,2”6[],2a5n,2d6h]i,gahnlidghhtsigahplriogbhletms that actually goes beyond the borders of California. a problem that actually goes beyond the borders of California. FigFuigreu1r.e(A1). D(Aiff)eDreinfcferbetnwceenbetlewcteriecnityedlecmtraincditayndepmhoatonvdolatanicdelpehctoritcoitvyoplrtoadiucceldecdturriicnigtya ptyrpoicdaul scperdindg udariynagnd inaditfyfepreinctaylesaprsringthde aCyaliafonrdniain gdrifdf;e(rBe)n“tDyueckarcsurivne”thsheoCwainlgifoenrenrigaynstgoraidge; t(oBc)a“pDtuureceknecrugryvdeu”risnhgowveirngegnerna-tion risekrpgeyrisotdo(rgargeentaoreca)patnudrdeisecnheargiyngdsuaridinegneorgvyerdguerinegrpaetaioknertislokadpehroiuords ((rgedreaernea)a;r(eCa))Eavnoldutdioinscshceanragrionsgof the global car fleet, including combustion vehicles (ICE), liquefied or compressed natural gas (LPG/CNG), hybrid (HEV), plug- said energy during peak net load hours (red area); (C) Evolution scenarios of the global car fleet, in hybrid (PHEV), electric with batteries (BEV), electric with fuel cells (Fuel cell). Adapted with permission from [27–29]. including combustion vehicles (ICE), liquefied or compressed natural gas (LPG/CNG), hybrid Copyright California ISO (2013), Stanford University (2015) and IFP Energies Nouvelles (2018). (HEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV), electric with batteries (BEV), electric with fuel cells (Fuel cell). Adapted with permission from [27–29]. Copyright California ISO (2013), Stanford University Similar problems are common to other kinds of renewable energies [30–34]. It is, (2015) and IFP Energies Nouvelles (2018). therefore, clear that, in order to reach a correct integration of renewables, a way to store energy when in excess and to use it when needed is necessary [35–39]. Still referring to the “duck curve”, a significant step forward in terms of efficiency and reduction of CO Similar problems are common to other kinds of renewable energies [30–34]. It is, 2 emissions would be made if the excess of photovoltaic electricity produced in the middle therefore, clear that, in order to reach a correct integration of renewables, a way to store of the day was stored and used after the sunset, concurring to satisfy the high demand of energy when in excess and to use it when needed is necessary [35–39]. Still referring to the “duck curve”, a significant step forward in terms of efficiency and reduction of CO2 emissions would be made if the excess of photovoltaic electricity produced in the middle of the day was stored and used after the sunset, concurring to satisfy the high demand of 1 the evening and avoiding the over-generation risks [40–44]. This is what is highlighted in

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