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Batteries 2022, 8, 173 8 of 11 Figure 7. Charge and discharge curves of assembled solid state Li-ion battery with LiTFSI-60% hy- brid electrolyte (a) different cycles at 0.1 C, (b) at different C-rates of 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C and 1 C, and (c) cycle performance at 0.1 C. 3. Materials and Methods Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 (LATP) ceramic powder was synthesized by a citric acid-gel method [38]. Ti(OC4H9)4 (Alfa, 98%), LiNO3 (Alfa, 98%), Al(NO3)3.9H2O (Alfa, 98%) and NH4H2(PO4)3 (J.T. Barker, 99%) were taken as the raw materials for the preparation of LATP. First, Ti(OC4H9)4 was added to a 4:1 solution of deionized water and nitric acid followed by subsequent stirring. LiNO3 and Al(NO3)3.9H2O were added to the evenly mixed solution. Citric acid (Honeywell, 99%) was added at a molar ratio of 1.5 times of the total metal ion in the solution. Ammonia was added to the solution to adjust the pH to 5. NH4H2(PO4)3 and ethylene glycol were added under continuous stirring to dissolve in the solution. The required solution was heated for two hours at 120 °C, followed by heat treatment for three hours at 250 °C and calcined at 850 °C for 5 h to finally obtain crystalline powder of LATP. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF-HFP, Sigma, molecular weight: 400,000) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI, Alfa, purity: 98%) were dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP, Showa, purity: 95%) and heated and agitated on a magnetic stirrer at 40 °C for 24 h. Then LATP ceramic powder was added to the solution and mixed in a homogenizer for 0.5 h. The slurry was evenly deposited on the polymer substrate using a doctor blade, and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 48 h to eliminate residual solvent. The dried electrolyte membranes were cut into 18 mm discs. The four samples based on various percentage of LITFSI lithium salt were labeled as LITFSI-40%, LITFSI-50%, LITFSI-60%, and LITFSI-70%. A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, JSM 6701F, JEOL) was used to examine the morphology of the membranes. X-ray diffraction (XRD, D2 phaser, Bruker) was used to determine the crystalline phase of the LATP samples and hybrid electrolytes. Computer-based universal testing equipment (Ht-2402, Hung Ta) was used to measure the stress and strain curves for the hybrid electrolytes. The hybrid electrolytes’ electro- chemical windows were determined using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) (Multichan- nel Electrochemical Workstation, Jiehan-5640) via the lithium foil (Li)/hybrid electro- lyte/stainless steel (SS) sandwich cell at a scanning rate of 1 mV s−1. Electrochemical im- pedance spectroscopy was used to measure ionic conductivities of hybrid electrolytes throughout a frequency range of 10–2 Hz to 106 Hz with 10 mV amplitude voltage (VSP- 300, BioLogic, Grenoble, France). The charge–discharge of Li|60% LiTFSI/PVDF-PDF Image | Lithium Salt Concentration on Materials
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)