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Batteries 2022, 8, 59 4 of 17 Batteries 2022, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2.2. Polymer Electrolytes Depending on their composition, polymer electrolytes for Zn-based batteries can be classified into three main categories: solid polymer electrolytes, hydrogel electrolytes, and hybrid polymer electrolytes. For solid polymer electrolytes, zinc salts can be directly dissolved by the polymer chains or with a small amount of organic solvent. Hydrogel electrolytes are generally swollen with abundant water in which zinc salts are dissolved. Hybrid polymer electrolytes are normally copolymerized or crosslinked together by several kinds of polymers. These intrinsic features endow polymer electrolytes with the dimen- sional stability of a flexible quasi-solid state, which, at the same time, can provide favorable ionic conductivity for electrochemical performance, making them especially advantageous for the fabrication of flexible batteries. Some representative polymer electrolytes are summarized in Table 1, showing their molecular structures and general characteristics. As hydrogel electrolytes normally only serve as supporting frameworks swollen with abundant water containing dissolved zinc salts, they face the persistent challenge of a narrow electrochemical stable potential window. Thus, the voltage of Zn-based batteries equipped with hydrogel electrolytes always remains at a relatively low level of <2.0 V. Fortunately, the dissolved Zn ions in the water within the hydrogel matrix can transport between the electrodes without significant resistance; thus, some hydrogel electrolytes can exhibit higher comparative ionic conductivity relative to liquid-based electrolytes. Solid polymer electrolytes possess a much wider voltage window because they do not contain any water inside the gel matrix. However, their low ionic conductivity and poor interface compatibility with electrodes has seriously limited research into solid polymer electrolytes. Typically, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been applied as a solid polymer electrolyte in both lithium-ion and Zn-based batteries, whereby Zn2+ ions are transferred by segmental motion [32]; however, relatively low ionic conductivity remains a challenge. The most commonly used materials for hydrogel electrolytes are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAM), and polyacrylic acid (PAA), which contain abundant hydrophilic groups on the side-chains and are, therefore, able to absorb large amounts of water [21]. Moreover, the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups within the gel matrix mean that hydrogel electrolytes show high affinity and adhesiveness to electrodes [33]. However, the mechanical properties of the physical crosslinking PVA and PAM materials require further improvement. In addition, sodium polyacrylate (PANa) can withstand a 6 M KOH solution post-absorption, demonstrating strong alkali resistance [34]. The synthesis process of PANa is relatively more complicated than that for PAA, and it is hard to store for a long period due to the occurrence of hydrolysis side-reactions in a strong alkali environment. Generally, xanthan gum and gelatin containing long chains of repeated monosaccharide/peptide units are used as thickening agents to produce the hydrogel state. Their synthesis processes are straightforward but the mechanical properties of the resultant hydrogels are normally unsatisfactory due to poor physical crosslinking. Recently, some 5 of 17 Mechanical Refs. Properties Mechanical Properties Refs. Physical Names of Hy- drogel Names of Hydrogel Molecular Structures Molecular Structures Functional Groups Functional Groups Features Features ductivity (S Cathode Material Cathode Material Polyaniline functional polymer electrolytes with intriguing special properties, such as low-temperature tolerance, thermoresponsiveness and self-healing capacity, have been developed, suggest- ing high effectiveness for energy storage applications. These are discussed in-depth in the following sections. Table 1. Some representative polymer electrolytes for Zn-based batteries. Table 1. Some representative polymer electrolyItoens ifocrCZonn-b-ased batteries. Ionic Con- cm−1) ductivity (S cm−1) Polyvinyl al- Polyaniline Polyvinyl cohalocolhol Physical (PVA) (PVA) 0.1 A g−1 0.1 A g−1 Hydroxyl Self-healable 0.05–12.6 nanorods crosslinking [35] ing [35] Stretchable Stretchable Physical crosslink- ing [36,37] Flexible Chemical Hydroxyl Self-healable 0.05–12.6 123 mAh g−1 123 mAh g−1 nanorods crosslink- Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) Polyacryla- Hydroxyl Reusable 1.09 × 10−6– 6.33 × 10−3 MnO2 140 mAh g−1 0.5 mA cm−2 V2O5PDF Image | Flexible Zn-Based Batteries with Polymer Electrolyte
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |