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Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2022 169 040508 Development of Rechargeable Seawater Battery Module Dongyeop Kim,1,2,= Jeong-Sun Park,2,= Wang-Geun Lee,1 Yunseok Choi,1,z and Youngsik Kim1,2,z 1School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, UNIST 44919, Republic of Korea 2R&D Center, 4TOONE Corporation, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea Rechargeable seawater batteries (SWBs) use Na+ ions dissolved in water (seawater or salt-water) as the cathode material. They are attracting attention for marine applications such as light buoys, marine drones, auxiliary power for sailing boats and so on. So far, SWB design has been developed from the coin-type to prismatic-shape cell for research purposes to investigate cell components and electrochemical behaviors. However, for commercial applications, that generally require >12 V and >15 W, the development of an SWB module is required, including cell assembly and packing design. The purpose of this work was to conduct research on the SWB cell assembly method while considering the SWB’s properties and minimizing current imbalance. Additionally, a 5 Series (S) 4 Parallel (P) SWB module is constructed and validated using commercially available light buoys (12 V, 15 W). © 2022 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Electrochemical Society by IOP Publishing Limited. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/ 1945-7111/ac6142] Manuscript submitted December 15, 2021; revised manuscript received February 25, 2022. Published April 6, 2022. This paper is part of the JES/JSS Joint Focus Issue In Honor of John Goodenough: A Centenarian Milestone. Supplementary material for this article is available online As demand for renewable energy continues to grow, energy storage systems (ESSs) is attracting attention.1 Recently, the utilization of ESSs in the marine environment has been considered in the point of the possibility for greater energy efficiency from offshore renewable energy.2,3 Currently, the most widely used rechargeable batteries are lead-acid batteries (LABs) and lithium- ion batteries (LIBs)4–7 However, their use in marine environments has been hindered by a decreased cycle life caused by seawater flooding and corrosion. To avoid flooding issues, batteries must be completely sealed, but LABs require vents to release gas generation and LIBs have possibility of thermal runaway.8,9 As a candidate for marine envrionment batteries, rechargeable seawater batteries(SWBs) are attracting attention. SWBs use Na+ ions dissolved in water (seawater or saltwater) as the cathode material.10 The use of seawater as an cathode material or as an electrolyte is currently being researched. Because these SWBs are operated while immerged in seawater, there are no issues with flooding. Additionally, a safe environment is maintained throughout operation due to the absence of hazardous components and the absence of an explosion risk. So far, SWBs have been developed from coin cells to prismatic cell11,12 (Fig. 1a); although these studies contributed greatly to the development of materials and platforms suitable for operating in seawater, the unit cell performance only reached 2.6 V and 2 W, which means they have limited applications. Therefore, research on SWB module with series and parallel connection is required for applications which have high operating voltage and high-power driving conditions (Fig. 1a). The objective of the battery system, which consists of a module and a circuit, is to be compact and lightweight while ensuring that all cells perform evenly. When a module is developed without considering cell deviations, performance characteristics such as energy, power, and cycle life could decrease.13–16 To minimize cell deviation, it is required to maintain (1) cell manufacturing consistency, (2) cell assembly uniformity, and (3) module operating environment control.17 To begin, non-uniformity in cell production refers to the fact that the cells produced have varying internal resistance or initially capacity as a result of impurities or material ratio variations. Cell variation caused by these non-uniformities is mitigated by the battery sorting process, which groups batteries with =These authors contributed equally to this work. zE-mail: ys1choi@unist.ac.kr; ykim@unist.ac.kr similar performance.18 Second, cell assembly entails electrically connecting cells and physically securing them against the external environment. A difference in contact resistance may occur during the electrical connection of cells. To minimize this, it is vital to choose an assembly method that is appropriate for the battery system from among the different electrical connection methods available, such as ultrasonic welding, spot welding, press contact and so on. The third is a parameter variable that occurs during the operation of the battery module. For instance, while charging and discharging of LIBs, the heat generated causes variations in the stacked cells.19 These variables are regulated by adding a cooling system20 or circuit technology, such as a battery thermal management system,21 into the module case. Specifically, due to the fact that the anode cells share a cathode, the SWB module should address the following three points (Fig. 1b). The first is the method of assembly. When assembling the anode cell, connectors must be waterproof to avoid contact with the cathode. When assembling the cathode current collector, it is critical to consider the cathode current collector’s placement on the battery module due to the fact that this determines the current distribution among stacked cells. The second is the design of the module’s housing for series connection. Due to the shared cathode character- istic of SWBs, all cells are connected in parallel. However, a series connection is required for driving applications requiring a high operating voltage, prompting the use of a module case designed for series connection. The third component is the design that considers parameter variations during operation. Several parameters change during the operation of SWBs, including salinity, flow rate, dissolved oxygen (DO), acidity, and temperature. Cell deviation may occur if each cell in a module is exposed to a locally distinct environment. As a result, it is required to analyze the influence of each parameter variation and to define the module design and circuit technology requirements necessary to respond to them. The aim of the research is to develop a method for assembling cells suited for SWB systems and to develop a module case for series connection. To establish the degree of performance increase in the module, a 5 Series (S) 4 Parallel (P) module is manufactured and the improvement in power and energy is measured. Additionally, the tests conducted under light buoy driving conditions demonstrate the SWBs’ suitability for marine applications. This type of research could serve as a foundation for future module research in areas such as cell deviation analysis, circuit design for SWB, and SWB modules with high energy and power density.PDF Image | Development of Rechargeable Seawater Battery
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