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CHAPTER 4 SODIUM-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES Erik D. Spoerke, Martha M. Gross, Leo J. Small, Stephen J. Percival, Sandia National Laboratories Abstract The growing demand for low-cost electrical energy storage is raising significant interest in battery technologies that use inexpensive sodium in large format storage systems. Potentially viable candidate technologies today include relatively mature molten sodium batteries and emerging sodium ion batteries. While still relatively expensive, molten sodium battery chemistries, such as sodium-sulfur (NaS) and sodium-nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2), are technologically mature enough for global deployment on the scale of hundreds of megawatt-hours. (MWhs). Significant applications of these technologies include renewable integration, backup power, and additional grid services while meeting demands for consumer, commercial, and industrial energy stakeholders. As research and development efforts continue in academia, national laboratories, and industry, widespread use of safe, cost-effective molten sodium batteries as well as implementation of new sodium ion-based batteries are expected to be important elements of the evolving energy storage community. Key Terms Grid-scale storage, sodium (Na), sodium-ion battery (NaIB), sodium metal, sodium-nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2), sodium-sulfur (NaS) Introduction Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth, it is widely distributed globally, and it is already processed on large scale as an industrial material, making it an attractive constituent for cost-effective, large-scale energy storage. Commercially-relevant sodium batteries today can be roughly grouped into two primary classes: molten sodium batteries and sodium-ion batteries. Both approaches to sodium utilization are discussed here, though the commercialization and deployment of molten sodium batteries is presently more advanced than that of the sodium-ion systems. 1.1. Molten Sodium Batteries Research and development of molten sodium batteries began with the sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery in the late 1960s, followed in the 1970s by the sodium-metal halide battery (most commonly sodium-nickel chloride), also known as the ZEBRA battery (Zeolite Battery Research Africa Project or more recently, Zero Emission Battery Research Activities). Schematically depicted in Figure 1, both systems take advantage of a molten sodium anode and a ceramic sodium-ion conducting solid state separator, most commonly β”-alumina (BASE [Beta Alumina Solid Electrolyte]), but the molten cathode chemistry in each case differs significantly, as described below. 1PDF Image | SODIUM-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |