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Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3069 3 of 12 2.3. Preparation of SPLL Composite Electrolytes Preparation of three-matrix solid electrolyte SPLL (PES-PVC-PVDF-LiBF4-LAZTP). First, add 30 mL of DMF solution in a 100 m beaker, stir it electrically at a temperature of 60 ◦C, then add 2 g of PES until the solution becomes a clear sol-like solution and then add 1g of PVA. When the mixture is stirred until there are no air bubbles, add 5% PVDF to form a copolymerized base, sonicate for 20 min to mix the three completely, then add LiBF4 (add with PES es: Li=8:1), and stir for 4 h. Then, add 10% LAZTP, ultrasonic for 30 min, stir for 10 h, pour it into a polytetrafluoroethylene container, dry in a blast drying oven at 60 ◦C for 12 h, then remove and cut it to a size of 16 mm, and put it in a glove box for later use. 2.4. Preparation of Solid-State LFP/SPLL/Li Cell The CR2032 button cell is assembled in an argon box using the above composite SSE in an argon-filled glove box. The LNMO cathode was prepared by mixing 80 wt.% of commercial LNMO (Shanghai Ales Co., Ltd.), 10 wt.% conductive carbon black, and 10 wt.% PVDF dissolved in NMP solvent. After thorough stirring, the cathode slurry was evenly cast onto the aluminum foil. Subsequently, the aluminum foil was dried under vacuum at 110 °C and then cut into circular electrodes with a diameter of 16 mm. In addition, lithium metal is used as the anode of assembled button batteries. The electrochemical performance of all assembled batteries is measured in the voltage range of 3.5–5 V. 2.5. Physical Characterizations X-ray diffraction (XRD, D8-Advabce, Bruker, Frankfurt, Germany, in the range of 10–90 ◦) and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the phase structure of the positive electrode material. The surface structure of the material is observed through a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, Sigma04-55, ZEISS, HORIBA, Longjumeau, France). The electrochemical window test is carried out by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) at a scanning rate of 0.1 mV·s−1. A stainless steel sheet (SS) is used as the working electrode, and a lithium sheet is used as the counter electrode. The LAGP glass and GC structural studies were carried out using 13 C Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) using BRUKER 700 MHz HD spectrometer on a 2.5 mm Trigamma probe at a spinning frequency of 32 kHz. The SPLL and SPL anode surface was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Escalab 210 system, Dreieich, Germany). 2.6. Electrochemical Measurements The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte can be obtained by the following equation: σ=L (R×S) where σ represents the ionic conductivity, L is the thickness of the sample, S represents the contact area between the electrolyte and the test electrode (SS), and R is the resistance measured by impedance spectroscopy. The lithium ion transference number (tLi+ ) is an important parameter for evaluating polymer electrolyte membranes. A higher number shows the lithium ion transfer strength of the membrane, and the transfer is more important during the cycle. Usually, the test is performed by the timing method on a lithium symmetrical battery (such as Li/SPLL/Li) at a voltage of 1 mV for 4000 s, and the value is calculated by the following equation. tLi+ = Is(∆V − I0R0) I0(∆V − IsRs) where I0 and Is are the current values at the beginning and after the DC polarization is stabilized, and R0 and Rs are the impedance values before and after DC polarization, respectively, and ∆V is the voltage value acting on both ends of the battery [23]. The electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte membrane is obtained by linear scanning voltammetry. The lithium sheet is used as the counter electrode and the referencePDF Image | Simple Three-Matrix Solid Electrolyte Membrane in Air
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)