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Energy Storage Materials 37 (2021) 556–566 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy Storage Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ensm A seawater battery with desalination capabilities enabling a dual-purpose aqueous energy storage system Do-Hwan Nam, Margaret A. Lumley, Kyoung-Shin Choi∗ Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States. article info Keywords: Energy storage systems Seawater batteries Na-ion batteries Desalination abstract Effectively storing electricity produced from renewable sources and increasing the supply of fresh water with a reduced carbon footprint are two pressing issues to sustainably and reliably provide electricity and clean water. In this study, a new aqueous rechargeable Na-ion battery system, which can store/release energy while operating in seawater and can also perform membrane-free seawater desalination, is developed enabling a dual-purpose energy storage system (ESS). The discharging cell of this system is composed of a sodiated NaTi2(PO4)3 electrode and a desodiated nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) electrode in 0.6 M NaCl, and generates an average output voltage of 1.19 V. The charging process is achieved in two separate cells that require low input voltages. In the first, a desodiated NaTi2(PO4)3 electrode is paired with Bi as a Cl-storage electrode, and this cell performs desalination during charging. In the second, a sodiated NiHCF electrode is paired with a chlorinated Bi electrode, and this cell performs salination during charging. The energy output generated by the discharging cell is ~94% of the combined energy inputs required by the two charging cells. As the energy consumed for the desalination and salination processes is not truly consumed but rather stored in the system through the charging process, and the majority of the energy stored during charging is recovered during discharging, the extra energy consumed for desalination is minimized. The high energy efficiency and desalination performance of the proof-of-concept dual-purpose ESS are reported with excellent cyclabilities of all component electrodes (> 1000 cycles). 1. Introduction Concerns about the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels and an increase in global energy demands have inspired the develop- ment of technologies that utilize renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and tidal to produce green electricity [1]. However, the intermit- tent nature of renewable energy sources necessitates integration of these technologies with energy storage systems (ESSs) [2–4]. ESSs can store electricity during times of excess electricity production and can then release that electricity in times of high energy demand. Integration of renewable energy technologies and ESSs allows for the development of a robust and reliable electricity system [5,6]. Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are presently one of the most advanced tech- nologies for ESSs due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and excellent energy efficiency [7–10]. However, the high cost, performance reliability, and safety of LIBs are challenges that still need to be ad- dressed for LIBs to be used in large-scale ESSs [10–14]. Recently, aque- ous rechargeable Na-ion batteries (ARNBs) have emerged as a promising alternative energy storage solution [11–13]. In general, Na-ion batteries are less expensive than Li-ion batteries, and the use of an aqueous elec- trolyte eliminates various issues caused by the use of non-aqueous elec- ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: kschoi@chem.wisc.edu (K.-S. Choi). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.037 trolytes in LIBs; aqueous electrolytes are safer, cheaper, and more en- vironmentally benign than non-aqueous electrolytes [14,15]. Aqueous electrolytes also enable higher ionic conductivities than non-aqueous electrolytes [11,12]. One disadvantage of ARNBs is a relatively low cell voltage that is inevitably restricted by the water reduction and oxida- tion potentials. However, if the advantages offered by ARNBs can be practically realized at a large scale, the merits of ARNBs may outweigh this limitation to make ARNBs a viable candidate for ESSs. In this study, we present a new ARNB system that can operate in seawater and can also achieve seawater desalination, which drastically increases the benefits offered by ARNBs to make ARNBs more attractive candidates for ESSs. This new ARNB system combines the advantages of ARNBs and desalination batteries. Desalination batteries are recharge- able batteries that consist of a Na-storage electrode and a Cl-storage electrode [16,17]. The charging and discharging processes in desalina- tion batteries are coupled with the removal and release of Na+ and Cl− [16–25]. The Na-storage and Cl-storage electrodes used in desalination batteries store Na+ and Cl− in the bulk of the electrodes through the formation of chemical bonds, which increases the salt removal capacity relative to capacitive deionization (CDI) [16–27]. Because desalination batteries are rechargeable batteries, they can also store energy during Received 22 October 2020; Received in revised form 30 January 2021; Accepted 21 February 2021 Available online 23 February 2021 2405-8297/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.PDF Image | seawater battery with desalination capabilities
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