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significantly with increasing electrochemical doping level for both polymers (increasing potential for p(gT2) and decreasing potential for p(ZI-NDI-gT2)) as shown in Figure S39e. Increased doping in the organic semiconductor is expected to decrease the contact resistance for a metal semiconductor interface in the solid state.5 In addition, gradual accumulation of ionic charge at the FTO/polymer interface might facilitate the electronic charge injection. Changes in the ion penetration rate at the polymer/electrolyte interface would also give rise to similar behavior and cannot be ruled out. The capacitance C2 represents the electrochemical capacitance of the polymer. Its dependence on the applied potential and its magnitude (see inset in Figure S39e) is consistent with the shape of the cyclic voltammetry measurement and the thickness dependent capacity of the polymers. The series resistance (Rs) and interfacial capacitance (C1) were kept constant in the global fit to values of about 50 Ω, consistent with the expected FTO resistance, and 10 μF cm-2, which is in the order of a double layer capacitance. This also supports the choice of the equivalent circuit used for the analysis. While the circuit in Figure S39f can well describe the behavior of p(gT2), we find that for p(ZI-NDI-gT2), substituting C2 with a constant phase element yields slightly better fits (dashed lines in Figure S39d). This is consistent with transport limitation for this polymer which would reflect in deviation from a perfectly capacitive behavior (neglecting the contribution of R2) in the low frequency region of the impedance spectrum. Such deviation becomes more pronounced at potentials corresponding to the second reduction peak of the polymer, suggesting that the transport properties of the film are affected by high electron and ion density (for this reason the plot of C2 for p(ZI-NDI-gT2) is interrupted at voltages of -0.6 and -0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl for the two samples shown in Figure S39e). Spectrochronocoulometry measurements Figure S40 shows spectrochronocoulometry measurements associated to step potential between - 0.3 V and 0 V vs Ag/AgCl for p(gT2) and between 0 V and -0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl for p(ZI-NDI-gT2). Figure S40 a and b show that the integrated charge changes rapidly in the seconds timescale and show further variation for t > 1 s. This slow component could be related to slow charging of the electrode or to charges that are lost in the electrolyte due to charge retention limitations. Monitoring the optical signal in the millisecond timescale enables an accurate analysis of the polymer charging dynamics, in that only charges that are injected into the polymer are visible at wavelengths corresponding to polaron absorption. The transient electroabsorption measurements referring to the chronoamperometry traces in Figure S40a and b are displayed in Figure S40 c and d. Monoexponential functions fitted well most of the transient absorption profiles and showed time constants in the order of 0.1 s to 1 s for films of about 15 to 100 nm thickness. Also, no slow tail in the absorption trace is detected, suggesting that the slow charging observed from the electrical measurements is related to retention limitations or possibly a slow ionic uptake by the polymer film. 55PDF Image | salt water battery with high stability
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)