PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 042
n-type polymer - p(g7NDI-gT2) and p(ZI-NDI-gT2) To reduce computational time, n-type polymers p(g7NDI-gT2) and p(ZI-NDI-gT2) were approximated by their monomers with shorter side chains. Figure S27 shows structural formulas of monomers named gT-g1DI-gT and gT-ZI-NDI-gT, both consist of NDI core with ethylene glycol (g1NDI) or zwitterion (ZI-NDI) side chains and methoxy thiophene ring on each side of NDI (gT). Figure S28 and S29 show spectra of monomers in their neutral, singly and doubly reduced states with Gaussian broadening equal 0.25 eV. Bottom panels include spectra of partially charged species. Table S2 and S3 consist of list of excited states and corresponding oscillator strengths for gT-g1NDI-gT and gT-ZI-NDI-gT respectively. Together with optical spectra, charge distributions across molecules in different oxidation states were calculated using CHEL PG scheme (Charges from Electrostatic Potentials using a Grid-based method) implemented in Gaussian16. In order to simplify the analysis of the results, molecules are divided into fragments, indicated with different colors in Figure S30 and Figure S31. Table S4 and Table S5 show total charge distributions for these fragments in neutral, polaron and bipolaron states of gT-g1NDI-gT and gT-ZI-NDI-gT respectively. Differences between neutral and polaron states and bipolaron and polaron states are also included in the tables. As we comment in the main text of the paper, most of the added charge is distributed within the NDI core. In the case of gT-g1NDI-gT, 68% of the first extra electron (polaron) and 67% of the second extra electron (bipolaron) are located on the NDI. In the zwitterion case – gT-ZI-NDI-gT, the addition of the first extra electron causes an even stronger polarization in the side chains than in the neutral molecule and thus stronger charge localization on NDI – 85%. Including a second electron already breaks this trend. Only 58% of its charge is localized on NDI, the rest is spread among side chains and thiophenes. In both molecules, the oxygen atoms in the NDI group are negatively charged in the neutral state and become even more negative upon reduction, much more than their neighboring positively charged carbons. This fact suggests that oxygens are favored locations for extra electrons in the first and second reductions of gT-g1NDI-gT and gT-ZI-NDI-gT and justifies the reduction mechanism proposed in reference 4. Figure S27. Structural formulas of calculated monomers of gT-g1NDI-gT and gT-ZI-NDI-gT. 42PDF Image | salt water battery with high stability
PDF Search Title:
salt water battery with high stabilityOriginal File Name Searched:
salt-water-battery.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |