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Polymers’ properties Table 1. Summary of the polymers’ properties IP[A] Polymer [eV] p(gT2) 4.48 4.2 - 56 kDa p(ZI-NDI-gT2) 5.15 5.0 4.0 24 kDa IP [B] EA [B] [D] [D] 306 kDa 53 kDa [eV] [eV] Mn Mw [A] Photoelectron spectroscopy in Air (PESA) [B] CV measurements in acetonitrile (0.1 M NBu4PF6, 100 mV/s) [C] Measurements were carried out in degassed 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution vs Ag/AgCl. [D] GPC measurements were carried out in DMF with NBu4BF4. General notes on the synthesis of the zwitterion copolymer The zwitterion side chain on the NDI unit had to be introduced after building up the backbone since the dibromo-NDI-dimethyl amino monomer can easily undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution. It was therefore not possible to isolate the dibromo-zwitterion NDI monomer. Several attempts to prepare the monomer resulted in the formation of oligomers where the dimethylamino group replaced the bromides on the NDI unit. This side reaction is also most likely the reason for the relatively low degree of polymerization which was observed for the copolymer containing dimethyl amino groups (p((DMA)-NDI-gT2)). The GPC results of p((DMA)-NDI-gT2) in chloroform showed a molecular weight distribution of Mn = 5.3 kDa and Mw = 8.9 kDa which is in agreement with results obtained by mass spectrometry. The alkylation of p((DMA)-NDI-gT2) was carried out in DMF with ethyl-6-bromohexanoate to form the ammonium bromide copolymer p((DMA-Br)-NDI-gT2) with an ester group. To verify the selective alkylation of the dimethylamino group, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was carried out and the formation of the ammonium bromide was observed by 1H NMR and 2D correction spectroscopy (COSY) measurements. The ammonium bromide copolymer aggregated significantly in polar organic solvents such as DMF which is most likely the reason for the observed increase of the molecular weight distribution of p((DMA-Br)-NDI-gT2) (Mn = 38 kDa, Mw = 60 kDa). The ammonium bromide copolymer are water soluble and could therefore not be used in a water based energy storage device. In the final step of the synthesis, the ester was cleaved under acidic conditions to form the carboxylate zwitterion side chain. The polymer was purified by dialysis in deionized water to remove water soluble side products such as hydrobromic acid (HBr). To verify the selective ester cleavage, 1H NMR spectroscopy was carried out where the saponification of the ester could be monitored. The signals of the ethyl group of the ester at 4.1 and 1.2 ppm disappear after cleaving the ester in accordance to the literature.1 Similar to the ammonium bromide polymer p((DMA-Br)-NDI-gT2), the zwitterion polymer aggregated in solution and showed an increased, most likely overestimated, molecular weight distribution (p(ZI-NDI-gT2) Mn = 24 kDa, Mw = 53 kDa). Unfortunately, MALDI-ToF measurements were inconclusive, it was not possible to ionize or detect the ammonium bromide or zwitterion NDI 19PDF Image | salt water battery with high stability
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)