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Metals 2021, 11, 1301 7 of 17 Metals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW V2O5 + 2FeCl3 = VOCl3 + Fe2O3 2V2O4 + 4FeCl3 + O2 = 4VOCl3 + 2Fe2O3 2V2O3 + 4FeCl3 + (2x − 1)O2 = 4VOCl3 + 4FeOx 2V2O4 + 4FeCl3 + O2 = 4VOCl3 + 2Fe2O3 V2O4 + FeCl3 + (x − 1)O2 = VOCl3 + FeOx 2V2O3 + 4FeCl3 + (2x − 1)O2 = 4VOCl3 + 4FeOx 12FeCl2 + 4V2O5 + 3O2 = 6Fe2O3 + 8VOCl3 8 of 18 (32) (33) (33) (34) (34) (35) the easier it is to extract vanadium. Therefore, the chlorinated atmosphere was selected as the oxygen atmosphere. The reaction Equations are as follows in Equations (32)–(36). Under the optimal experimental conditions (827 ◦C, reactant (vanadium titanomagnetite)— chlorination agent (FeCl3) molar ratio of 1:2, 2 h, oxygen atmosphere), the extraction ratio of vanadium is 32%. V2O4 +FeCl3 +(x−1)O2 =VOCl3 +FeOx Chloride extraction of vanadium from vanadium-titanium magnetite has long been used. However, the content of vanadium in vanadium-titanium magnetite is low, and 12FeCl2 + 4V2O5 + 3O2 = 6Fe2O3 + 8VOCl3 the cost of directly extracting vanadium in vanadium slag using chlorination method is Chloride extraction of vanadium from vanadium-titanium magnetite has long been high. Thus, it is not recommended to extract vanadium directly from vanadium-titanium used. However, the content of vanadium in vanadium-titanium magnetite is low, and the magnetite by chlorination method. cost of directly extracting vanadium in vanadium slag using chlorination method is high. Thus, it is not recommended to extract vanadium directly from vanadium-titanium mag- 4.2. Chlorination Extraction of Vanadium from Vanadium Slag netite by chlorination method. Vanadium slag is produced from vanadium-titanium magnetite by blast furnace smelting and the vanadium extraction process in a converter [38,39]. Vanadium slags 4.2. Chlorination Extraction of Vanadium from Vanadium Slag contain 30–40 wt% total Fe, 6.9–14.4 wt% TiO2, 13.5–19.0 wt% V2O3, 0.9–4.6 wt% Cr2O3, Vanadium slag is produced from vanadium-titanium magnetite by blast furnace and 7.4–10.7 wt% MnO. The main phases of vanadium slag consist of (Fe,Mn)(V,Cr)2O4, smelting and the vanadium extraction process in a converter [38,39]. Vanadium slags con- (Fe,Mn)2SiO4 and Fe2TiO4. According to the phases of vanadium slag, vanadium is present tain 30–40 wt% total Fe, 6.9–14.4 wt% TiO2, 13.5–19.0 wt% V2O3, 0.9–4.6 wt% Cr2O3, and in the form of V3+, from which it is difficult to extract vanadium by direct leaching [40,41]. 7.4–10.7 wt% MnO. The main phases of vanadium slag consist of (Fe,Mn)(V,Cr)2O4, In order to extract vanadium, the traditional method is to oxidize insoluble low-valent (Fe,Mn)2SiO4 and Fe2TiO4. According to the phases of vanadium slag, vanadium is present 3+ vinatnhaedfiourm otfoVso,lfurbomle whihgihch-vitailsednitffvicaunltatdoiuexmtraicnt avqanuaedoiums sboyludtiiroenct [le4a2c,4h3in].g F[4ig0,u41re]. 5 shows a flowIn cohrdaerrt tofexttrraactctvianngavdiaunma,dtihuemtrafrdoitmionvalnmaedtihuomd islatogobxyidNizaeCinlsroluasbtlienlgo.wT-vhae- roasting ◦ lent vanadium to soluble high-valent vanadium in aqueous solution [42,43]. Figure 5 temperature is about 800 C. After roasting, vanadium in the solid exists in the form of shows a flow chart of extracting vanadium from vanadium slag by NaCl roasting. The NaVO3, and then dissolves to obtain NaVO3 solution. Vanadium is precipitated in the roasting temperature is about 800 °C. After roasting, vanadium in the solid exists in the form of ammonium vanadate by adding ammonium salt (NH4Cl, NH4HCO3, (NH4)2SO4, form of NaVO3, and then dissolves to obtain NaVO3 solution. Vanadium is precipita◦ted in (NH4)2CO3). Ammonium vanadate is calcined to obtain V2O5 at about 550 C. Under the the form of ammonium vanadate by adding ammonium salt (NH4Cl, NH4HCO3, action of oxygen, NaCl as an additive reacts with the vanadium spinel in the vanadium (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2CO3). Ammonium vanadate is calcined to obtain V2O5 at about 550 °C. slag. The reaction Equation is as follows in Equation (37). The conversion rate of vanadium Under the action of oxygen, NaCl as an additive reacts with the vanadium spinel in the can reach 85% [44,45]. vanadium slag. The reaction Equation is as follows in Equation (37). The conversion rate of vanadium can reach 85% [44,45]. 4FeV2O4 + 8NaCl + 7O2 = 8NaVO3 + 4Cl2 + 2Fe2O3 (37) 4FeV2O4 + 8NaCl + 7O2 = 8NaVO3 + 4Cl2 + 2Fe2O3 (37) Figure 5. Flow chart of extracting vanadium from vanadium slag by NaCl roasting. Figure 5. Flow chart of extracting vanadium from vanadium slag by NaCl roasting. (35) (36) (36)PDF Image | Extraction of the Rare Element Vanadium
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