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Batteries 2022, 8, 157 17 of 26 Figure 6. (a) Schematic of the optimizing steps for the proposed composite SPE, reproduced with permission from Reference [52] Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Illustration of the grain boundary engineered ceramic electrolyte depressing the Na dendrites in all‐solid‐state NMBs, reproduced with permission from Reference [118] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. In addition, another route was mixing part of the inorganic conductor into NZSP ceramic electrolyte to enhance the contact between the electrolyte and electrode. Figure 6b shows the illustration of the grain boundary engineered ceramic electrolyte to improve the electrochemical performance of the Na metal anode. Zhao et al. utilized Na2B4O7 as an additive to modify the NZSP ceramic electrolyte and found that 10 wt% Na2B4O7 additives in the NZSP ceramic could enhance the conductivity of 1.72 mS cm−1 at RT [118]. With the modification of NZSP ceramic electrolyte, the Na||Na symmetric battery presented ultra‐ stable Na plating–stripping cycling over 2500 h at 0.3 mA cm−2. They found that this mod‐ ification of the ceramic electrolyte triggered kinetically stable interphase between the elec‐ trolyte and Na metal anode, resulting in the reduction of the interfacial resistance for 90 Ω cm2 for NZSP to 36 Ω cm2 for NZSP‐10 wt% Na2B4O7. Yang et al. introduced SnOx/Sn film in the NZSP ceramic to enhance the interface between the Na metal anode and elec‐ trolyte [119]. As a result, a remarkable decrease in interfacial resistance from 581 Ω cm2 for NZSP to 3 Ω cm2 for SnOx/Sn‐NZSP was observed. Due to the decrease in the interfa‐ cial resistance, the Na||Na symmetric battery in the SnOx/Sn‐NZSP electrolyte main‐ tained cycling over 1500 h with a polarization of ±40 mV at 0.1 mA cm−2 at RT. The sym‐ metric battery still held an excellent cyclability at the large current densities of 0.3 and 0.5 mA cm–2. After being coupled with the cathode, the full batteries also presented a good electrochemical performance at 0.1 and 0.2 C. Wang et al. constructed a stable mixed‐ion‐ electron conductor layer consisting of NaSn alloy and Na2S on NZSP, which was induced by the introduction of a SnS2 ultra‐thin layer [120]. Based on this construction of the stable interface, the Na||Na symmetric battery operated with a low polarization of ±25 mV at 0.1 mA cm−2 at RT during the cycling of 800 h. In addition, the full battery matching Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode in the SnOx/Sn‐NZSP electrolyte also delivered a superior capacity retention ratio. They suggested that the SnS2 could immerse the grain boundaries andPDF Image | Electrolyte Engineering for Sodium Metal Batteries
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)