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Batteries 2022, 8, 157 13 of 26 Ionic Conductivity Polymer Electrolytes (mS cm−1)@Tempera‐ Symmetrical Cell (Cycle Performance (h)@Current Density (mA cm−2)) 3550@0.5 620@1 / 1000@0.1 1000@0.2 500@1 / 400@5 100@0.05 / Full Cell (Cathode@Capacity (mAh g−1)@Current Density (C)) NaxV2O5@305@0.05 Na3V2(PO4)3@89.1@0.2 Prussian blue@90@0.2 Na3V2(PO4)3@101@1 NaCrO2@120.7@0.1 Na3Ni1.5TeO6@83.8@0.1 Na3V2(PO4)3@84.3@0.2 Na3V2(PO4)3@107@1 Na3V2(PO4)3@90.3@0.05 Na3V2(PO4)3@81.7@0.1 References [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [104] [101] [102] [105] [106] the polymer electrolyte also provided an 84.8% capacity retention after 50 cycles at −10 °C in Na3V2(PO4)3/Na full batteries. Luo et al. developed a polymer electrolyte constituted by graphene oxide (GO) and PVDF‐HFP with a high mechanical property and found that the 2 wt%GO‐PVDF‐HFP presented the highest Young’s modulus of 2.5 GPa and high ionic conductivity of 2.3 mS cm−1 (Figure 4g,h) [102]. The high mechanical property of polymer electrolytes could suppress the Na dendrite growth and avoid puncture by the Na den‐ drite. As result, the Na||Na symmetric battery in 2 wt%GO‐PVDF‐HFP electrolyte exhib‐ ited an ultra‐long cycling performance over 400 h at 5 mA cm−2. Solid‐state Na‐O2 batteries had been regarded as promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density, ultralow overpotential, and abundant resources. Chen et al. reported a quasi‐solid‐state polymer electrolyte (QPE) composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride–co‐hexafluoropropylene)‐4% SiO2‐NaClO4‐tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) for high‐performance Na‐O2 batteries [103]. The abundant fluorocarbon chains of QPE played an important role in Na+‐ion transfer, resulting in a high ionic con‐ ductivity of 1.0 mS cm–1. The Na‐O2 batteries exhibited negligible voltage decay after cy‐ cling for 80 cycles at a cutoff discharge capacity of 1000 mAh g–1. After the aforementioned discussion, we also summarized the important parameters, including electrolyte constituents, cycling stability, and full battery performance of poly‐ mer electrolyte recently reported NMBs in Table 2. Table 2. Electrochemical properties of different polymer electrolytes in NMBs. POSS‐4PEG2K PSP‐GPE PTMC‐NaFSI ETPTA‐NaClO4‐ QSSE PEO‐Cu‐MOF IL‐MOF BC‐TEP/VC/ NaClO4 GO‐PVDF‐HFP NaPTAB‐SGPE SILGM ture (°C) 4.5 × 10−3@30 0.1@RT 0.05@25 1.2@RT 3.48@RT 0.36@RT 0.22@RT 2.3@RT 0.094@RT 2@23 4. All‐Solid‐State Electrolytes for Na Metal Anodes Except for polymer electrolytes, the scientists also were looking at the all‐solid‐state electrolytes for NMBs. As the all‐solid‐state electrolytes in NMBs, several essential re‐ quirements needed to be met: (1) possessing high ionic conductivity of above 10−4 S cm−1 at RT; (2) possessing a high ionic transference number; (3) possessing negligible conduc‐ tivity; and (4) possessing a wide electrochemical window. Based on these essential re‐ quirements, the scientists set out to develop all‐solid‐state electrolytes for NMBs. Borrowed from a Li metal all‐solid‐state electrolyte, Na‐β”‐Al2O3 first received re‐ search attention from scientists [107‐109]. Wen et al. explored the viability and stability of Na3PS4 and Na‐β”‐Al2O3 for NMBs [110]. They found that the Na3PS4 and Na‐β”‐Al2O3 presented conductivities of 2.1 and 0.04 mS cm−1, respectively. The Nyquist plots of Na3PS4 and Na‐β”‐Al2O3 electrolyte for the fresh contact and after 12 h of contact in NMBs were also compared. They found that Na3PS4 presented an increased impedance after 12 h of contact. Compared with Na3PS4, Na‐β”‐Al2O3 exhibited almost no change over time, indi‐ cating that Na‐β”‐Al2O3 presented stability against the reaction with the Na metal anode. Considering the high interface resistance in the Na‐β”‐Al2O3 electrolyte, modification ofPDF Image | Electrolyte Engineering for Sodium Metal Batteries
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)