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Torabian et al. 403 various materials in spent LIBs as well as the environmental impacts, sustainability, and quality of recycled materials result- ing from various battery recycling processes have been assessed (Sambamurthy et al., 2021; Sommerville et al., 2021). It has been shown that the design of the battery pack, module, and cell can have a considerable impact on the end-of-life dismantling and recycling steps (Thompson et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2021). The cathodes of LIBs are mainly composed of aluminum foil and cathodic materials, that is, LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, and other lithium metal oxides, whereas the anodes contain copper foil and graphite (Zhang et al., 2018). Meanwhile, a diversifica- tion between high-performance and cost-efficient LIBs is expected in the future (Doose et al., 2021). The discharge step is critically important for the safety of the recycling process, because if the batteries are not discharged, there is always a risk of the anode and cathode short-circuiting, which releases stored chemical energy (Yao et al., 2018). Such a sudden release of energy can be powerful and severe, causing sudden temperature rise, release of gas, fires, or even explosions. For example, according to one report, the source of 65% of the fires from waste plants in the US state of California are LIBs (Weise, 2018). Pretreatment processes are essential in LIB recycling (Kim et al., 2021), and different approaches have been suggested to minimize the risks when crushing batteries (Sonoc et al., 2015). Some suggestions include freezing LIBs with liquid nitrogen before crushing or processing batteries under vacuum or in the presence of inert gases, such as argon or CO2. However, these approaches are expensive and require additional equipment and resources (Ojanen et al., 2018; Sonoc et al., 2015). One of the proposed methods for discharging batteries is their immersion in a salt solution which results in controlled short-circuit- ing (Li et al., 2016). This method can be performed without major challenges and relatively quickly. The electrolysis of the salt solution will eliminate the battery charge (Lu et al., 2013). Another benefit of discharge in salt solutions is that this process requires resources that are readily available (Ojanen et al., 2018). However, the published literature pertaining to this subject is limited and inadequate, which should be elaborated upon and more closely examined. To this end, the current manuscript has examined the issue of discharging spent LIBs is salt solutions in more detail. Various salts are examined with the aim of finding a quick, safe, and inex- pensive solution. After the examination of different operating parameters, an innovative solution is proposed, which can drain the batteries quickly with minimal effort. Materials and methods To ensure repeatability, all batteries used in the study were Japanese- made Apple 3.82V batteries used and discarded from iPhone 6 mobile phones (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA). The net weight of the batteries measuring 80 samples is 27.02±3.05g (95% CI). Figure 1. One end of each crocodile clip wire (shown in the figure) is connected to the battery pole, whereas the other end is immersed in the salt solution. As shown in Figure 1, in discharge tests, a pair of wires with crocodile clips (tips) were used. One end of first wire was con- nected to the anode, and the other end was placed in the salt solu- tion. In addition, the second wire was connected to the cathode, and the other end was placed in the salt solution. A voltmeter was also used to record the battery discharge throughout the study. The electrodes experienced extreme corrosion and deposition problems during testing, and hence new electrodes (wires with crocodile clips) were used for each test to reduce the error. The battery was not directly submerged in the salt solution so its physical condition was not endangered. With this methodology, the evolution of the battery discharge can be properly monitored and controlled, and it is possible to evaluate the discharge poten- tial of the electrolyte solution. All salts were supplied by Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), in general reagent grade. The following investigations were carried out: 1) Studying battery discharge in 12%–20% NaCl solutions. 2) Studying battery discharge in 12%–20% Na2S solutions. 3) Studying battery discharge in 12%–20% MgSO4 solutions. 4) Studying battery discharge in 16% NaCl solution in the tem- perature range of 30°–60°C. The concentration of 16% was used as the midpoint between 12% and 20%. 5) Studying battery discharge in 16% NaCl solution with stirring. 6) Studying battery discharge in 16% NaCl solution alongside ultrasonication (50 W, Yaxun XY2000A). 7) Finally, in a separate set of experiments, rather than using electrodes/wires, the battery tips were placed vertically in the salt solution directly. This innovative setup was used to simu- late possible industrial application.PDF Image | Discharge of lithium-ion batteries in salt solutions
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Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |