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3.2.2 Preparation of the anatase-TiO2 nanotube array photoelectrodes The highly ordered and hierarchical nano-porous TNTs consisting of a nano-porous top layer with ~100 nm pore size and smooth underlying nanotubes were fabricated by a two-step anodization process. Prior to anodization, the Ti mesh (nominal aperture of 0.6 mm and wire diameter of 0.3 mm) were prepared by sonicating the material in ethanol followed by electro-polishing. The anodization was performed by using a conventional two-electrode system with the Ti mesh as a working electrode and a Pt counter electrode in aqueous electrolytes consisting of 0.3 wt% NH4F (ammonium fluoride ACS reagent, 98.0%, Sigma Aldrich) and H2O at a concentration of 2% in ethylene glycol (99.5%, Samchun). For the first step of anodization, Ti mesh was anodized at 60 V and 15°C for 12 h, and then, the as- grown nanotube layer was completely removed in aqueous hydrogen peroxide for 15 min ultrasonically. The second anodization step was carried out for 1 h under the same conditions as the first anodization step. After the second anodization, amorphous TNTs were rinsed with deionized (DI) water and annaled to yield the anatase phase at 500°C for 1 h in air. 3.2.3 Cell assembly and electrochemical testing Coin-type solar seawater batteries were assembled by the following procedure. For the Na metal anode compartment, the NASICON membrane was attached to the open-structured top part of the anode. Sodium metal (99.9%, Sigma Aldrich) was attached to the surface of a spacer and the non-aqueous electrolyte consisting of 1 M NaCF3SO3 in tetraethylene glycol dimethylether was injected. The cell assembly was performed in a glove box under a high purity argon atmosphere (oxygen and water < 1.0 ppm). The assembled anode compartment was put into the special apparatus with an open-structured cathode (4TOONE Energy Co., Ltd), where the photoanode and cathode current collector were immersed in natural seawater form Ilsan beach, Ulsan, Republic of Korea (GPS 35.497005, 129.430996).35 The electrochemical properties of the cells were evaluated by using a potentiostat (VSP- 300, Biologic) at room temperature. The charge/discharge characteristics of the cells were tested at current rates of 0.015/0.025 mA cm-2 for 1 h. The PEC properties were evaluated by using a potentiostat (VSP-300, Biologic) with a three-electrode configuration. The TNTs electrode, a Pt electrode, and a saturated Ag/AgCl (3M KCl) electrode were used as the working, counter, and reference electrodes, respectively. The current density–voltage (J-V) curve of the scan rate was 20 mV s-1. The light source was a 150 W Xenon lamp, which was used to simulate the 1 Sun irradiation condition (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm-2) by using a solar simulator (Oriel 94021A). The applied bias photoconversion (photo-to- current, ηAPE) was obtained from the photocurrent density–potential curves through calculations with the following equation: ηAPE = Jph(1.23 – VRHE)/P, where Jph is the photocurrent density, VRHE is the 65PDF Image | China solar seawater battery
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)