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3.1 Introduction In view of global climate change, the urgent need to develop efficient ways to harness and store power from sustainable energy resources has stimulated extensive research into new energy materials and novel energy conversion/storage devices. Solar rechargeable batteries based on a combination of photoelectrochemical electrodes and electrochemical cells have been emerging as novel energy conversion/storage systems, which can simultaneously obtain solar energy and store chemical energy.90- 92 However, to realize practical hybrid systems, the optimization of the cell design and configuration needs to be carried out to achieve efficient photocharging and discharging for the batteries. Especially, during photocharging, highly efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation would be beneficial for achieving charging voltage reductions. In the case of discharging, the oxygen reduction reaction is critical for producing a high discharge voltage. Therefore, a photoelectrode with high photoelectrochemical performance would be valuable for highly efficient rechargeable batteries. The transition metal oxide-based semiconductors, such as TiO2, Fe2O3, and WO3, have been widely used as photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting.93-109 In practice, their highly ordered nanostructures can provide an effective route for enhancing PEC performances due to the substantial dimensional reduction of the photocatalyst in association with the larger specific surface area. These materials allow for more photogenerated charge transfers to the interfaces by reducing the charge carrier diffusion length, which can enhance water oxidation at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Here, we report on a novel, low-cost, and eco-friendly solar seawater battery that uses earth- abundant natural seawater and solar energy. The most remarkable feature of this device is the simultaneous availability of both electrochemical storage and chemical fuel conversion of solar energy in one device. Figure 34 illustrates the schematic of the basic structure and the components of the solar seawater battery. The cell is composed of two compartments, a charge storage anode (sodium metal anode) in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte and a photoelectrode in seawater, which are separated by a Na superionic conducting ceramic electrolyte (NASICON, Na3Zr2Si2PO12).37 Considering the pH of seawater (~8), Na+ ion content in seawater (~0.47 M), and oxygen partial pressure at 100% saturation from ambient air (~0.2 atm), the overall reactions during the charge/discharge processes and the theoretical cell voltage (Ecell) can be described as shown below.110 4Na(s) + O2(aq) + 4H+(aq) ↔ 4Na+(aq) + 2H2O(l); Ecell = 3.48 V vs. Na/Na+ (1) During discharging, the Na metal anode is oxidized to Na+ and transported into the seawater catholyte through the NASICON ceramic membrane. Simultaneously, the oxygen reduction reaction 60PDF Image | China solar seawater battery
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)