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1.4 Challenges of seawater batteries The problem of seawater batteries is the low voltage efficiency due to the sluggish kinetic of oxygen evolution reactions (OER) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR).40, 61 Table 1 shows the voltage efficiency of the seawater batteries. Basically, the voltage efficiency of the seawater batteries is 77.5 % by using Bare Heat-treatment carbon felt (HCF). The voltage efficiency can be improved by using electrocatalysts such as carbon-based, Pt/C and metal-oxide based materials etc. (Figure 10). It can be seen Table 1 that voltage efficiency can be improved ~90 %. However, there are several problems in using an electrocatalysts. The process of coating and drying the electrocatalysts on the surface of the carbon felt is complicated and the surface coating is not stably attached for a long period of time. Also, the price of Pt/C electrocatalyst, which has the most effect as a catalyst, is very expensive ($860/50g, Sigma aldrich). And even though it increases the voltage efficiency through the electrocatalysts, there is a fundamental limitation to using the catalyst because it is always accompanied by overpotential during charging and discharging process (OER and ORR reaction, Figure 11)62. Table 1. The voltage efficiency of the cells with various cathode current collectors. Sample Voltage efficiency [%] Bare HCF 77.5 CMO-coated Vulcan-coated Pt/C-coated HCF HCF 83.2 90.0 Porous carbon-coated HCF HCF 89.1 89.9 Figure 10. SEM images of (a) bare HCF, (b) vulcan-coated HCF and (c) Pt/C-coated HCF. 21PDF Image | China solar seawater battery
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |