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Energies 2022, 15, 2805 4 of 14 2.3. GC×GC/FID Instrument Operating Conditions and Parameters All GC×GC/FID measurements were performed using an instrument composed of a 7890B GC oven (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), a 7683 series autosampler (Hewlett- Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA), a 7683B series injector (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), an FID (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and a quad-jet dual-stage thermal modulator (LECO Corporation, Saint Joseph, MI, USA) cooled with liquid nitrogen. The capillary column contained within the primary oven (primary column) was a midpolar 30 m DB-17MS column. The capillary column contained within the secondary oven (secondary column) was a nonpolar 0.8 m DB-1MS column. A 0.3 m guard column (Ultimate Plus Deactivated Fused Silica) was used between the secondary column and the FID. All columns had a 0.25 mm inner diameter and a 0.25 μm film thickness (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Ultra- high purity (99.9999%) helium was used as the carrier gas, with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Primary oven temperature was maintained at 40 ◦C for 1.0 min, increased to 200 ◦C at a temperature ramp rate of 3 ◦C/minute, and then held constant for five more minutes. The temperature offsets (relative to the primary oven) for the secondary oven and modulator were +5 ◦C and +15 ◦C, respectively. The modulation period was 3.0 s, with a hot pulse duration of 0.9 s. The temperatures of the FID and the inlet of the injection port were 300 ◦C and 280 ◦C, respectively. The acquisition rate of the FID was 200 Hz, and the acquisition solvent delay was 150 s. The injection volume was 0.1 μL. The split-ratio for the inlet of the injection port was 24. The instrument was operated using ChromaTOF software (version 4.71.0.0). A S/N threshold of 50 was used for data processing of all chromatograms. 2.4. GC×GC/EI TOF MS Instrument Operating Conditions and Parameters All GC×GC/EI TOF MS measurements were performed using a Pegasus GC-HRT 4D (LECO, Saint Joseph, MI, USA), which was composed of a 7890B GC oven (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), an Agilent injector (G4513A), a quad-jet dual-stage thermal modulator (LECO, Saint Joseph, MI, USA) cooled with liquid nitrogen, an electron ionization source (LECO, Saint Joseph, MI, USA), and a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LECO, Saint Joseph, MI, USA). The capillary column contained within the primary oven (primary column) was a polar 60.0 m ZB-35HT column. The capillary column contained within the secondary oven (secondary column) was a nonpolar 1.2 m ZB-1HT column. All columns had a 0.25 mm inner diameter and a 0.25 μm film thickness (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). Ultra-high purity (99.9999%) helium was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.25 mL/minute. Primary oven temperature was maintained at 40 ◦C for 1.0 min, increased to 200 ◦C at a temperature ramp rate of 3 ◦C/min, and then held constant for five more minutes. The temperature offsets (relative to the primary oven) for the secondary oven and modulator were +5 ◦C and +15 ◦C, respectively. The modulation period was 3.0 s, with a hot pulse duration of 0.9 s. The temperatures of the transfer line and the inlet of the injection port were 300 ◦C and 280 ◦C, respectively. The temperature of the ion source was maintained at 200 ◦C. The kinetic energy of the electrons used for electron ionization (EI) was 70 eV. The acquisition solvent delay was 150 s. The injection volume was 0.1 μL. The split-ratio for the inlet of the injection port was 24. The instrument was operated using ChromaTOF software (version 1.90.60.0.43266). A S/N threshold of 50 was used for data processing of all chromatograms. The ChromaTOF software automatically identified compounds by comparing their EI mass spectra to the EI mass spectra in the Wiley (2011) and NIST (2011) databases. The match factor threshold, which is the minimum match factor an EI mass spectrum must exhibit with a database entry for a compound to be identified, was 800. 2.5. Calibration Curves and Sample Preparation Calibration curves were established for each carbonate (DMC, DEC, PC, EMC, VC, and EC) by preparing a stock solution that had the same concentration of each carbonate as the pure carbonate solution prepared for analysis (discussed in Sections 2.3 and 2.4), which corresponded to 100% (v/v), and diluting the stock solution in DCM or acetone to preparePDF Image | Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries
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Product and Development Focus for Salgenx
Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our flow battery manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)