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PersPective
Key Challenges for Grid-Scale Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage
Yimeng Huang and Ju Li*
1. Eight Hours of Energy
Greta Thunberg commented on Twitter about the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference: “COP26 is over ... But the real work continues outside these halls. And we will never give up, ever.”[1] Energy storage is the real work. To halve the global CO2 emission by Jan. 3, 2040, Greta’s 37th birthday, there are only 18 years left. Based on historical engineering experiences, there is no time left for a newborn, “baby” heavy industry (the so-called “B: Beyond-2040” technologies in the MIT A+B conference lan- guage[2]) to emerge from a university lab, mature, up-scale, and save the world in time from the irreversible damages of ocean acidification, loss of habitat, and societal upheaval. The Earth today is like a house on fire, and only the so-called “A: Action” type technologies that already exist today, with demonstrable terawatt scale capabilities, can dampen the raging fire by 2040. This means nuclear fission (specifically, light-water reactors), wind/solar generations, plus some forms of energy storage (heat, mechanical, battery, chemicals). Nuclear is type-A, as
Y. Huang, J. Li
Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
E-mail: liju@mit.edu
J. Li
Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202197.
© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Energy Materials published by Wiley- VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Crea- tive Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202197
Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 2202197 2202197 (1 of 8)
in the 1970s it has already been demon- strated to lead the largest decarbonization actions to date, but is presently beset by very high construction cost.[3] “Desperate Times Call for Desperate Measures”, and energy storage seems more and more a human survival skill.
Here, we focus on the lithium-ion bat- tery (LIB), a “type-A” technology that accounts for >80% of the grid-scale bat- tery storage market,[4] and specifically, the market-prevalent battery chemistries using LiFePO4 or LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 on Al foil as the cathode, graphite on Cu foil as
the anode, and organic liquid electrolyte, which currently cost as low as US$90/kWh(cell). LIBs can be deeply charged and discharged on the order of 103 cycles,[5] although this cycle life can vary greatly depending on cycling conditions and tempera- ture. Going from LIB cells to battery packs to energy systems, one faces another 2× to 4× increase in cost, after thermal man- agement, power electronics, safety measures, and controls[6] are added. In the past decade, there has been a 10-fold increase in cycle life and 6-fold decrease in pack-level cost,[7] assisted by the exponential growth in the electric vehicle (EV) supply chains. China broke the 1 million EV annual sales threshold in 2018. Realistically, one is probably looking at US$200 to US$300/kWh(system) capital expenditure (CAPEX) for LIB storage by 2025.
Among the existing electricity storage technologies today, such as pumped hydro, compressed air, flywheels, and vana- dium redox flow batteries, LIB has the advantages of fast response rate, high energy density, good energy efficiency, and reasonable cycle life, as shown in a quantitative study by Schmidt et al.[8] In 10 of the 12 grid-scale application scenarios (ranging from black start, power quality, to primary, secondary, and tertiary responses), except for seasonal energy storage and primary response, LIB is expected to beat all other technologies by 10% or more in 2040, the time that matters.
The first question is: how much LIB energy storage do we need? Simple economics shows that LIBs cannot be used for seasonal energy storage. The US keeps about 6 weeks of energy storage in the form of chemical fuels, with more during the winter for heating.[9] Suppose we have reached US$200/kWh battery cost, then US$200 trillion worth of batteries (10× US GDP in 2020) can only provide 1000 TWh energy storage, or 3.4 quads. As the US used 92.9 quads of primary energy in 2020, this is only 2 weeks’ worth of storage, and not quite sufficient to heat our homes in the winter. Thus, very large-scale heat storage[9] and nuclear generations are likely needed for a 100% clean-energy infrastructure that can survive the winter. A real
© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Energy Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH
www.advenergymat.de
A rapid transition in the energy infrastructure is crucial when irreversible damages are happening quickly in the next decade due to global climate change. It is believed that a practical strategy for decarbonization would be
8 h of lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrical energy storage paired with wind/ solar energy generation, and using existing fossil fuels facilities as backup. To reach the hundred terawatt-hour scale LIB storage, it is argued that the key challenges are fire safety and recycling, instead of capital cost, battery cycle life, or mining/manufacturing challenges. A short overview of the ongoing innovations in these two directions is provided.
16146840, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.202202197 by Mit Libraries Serials & Journa, Wiley Online Library on [10/11/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

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