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LITHIUM BATTERY SAFETY SUMMARY


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LITHIUM BATTERY SAFETY
SUMMARY
Lithium batteries have become the industry standard for rechargeable storage devices. They are common to University operations and used in many research applications.
Lithium battery fires and accidents are on the rise and present risks that can be mitigated if the technology is well understood. This paper provides information to help prevent fire, injury and loss of intellectual and other property.
Background
Lithium-ion battery hazards Best storage and use practices Lithium battery system design Emergencies
Additional information
BACKGROUND
Lithium batteries have higher energy densities than legacy batteries (up to 100 times higher). They are grouped into two general categories: primary and secondary batteries.
• Primary (non-rechargeable) lithium batteries are comprised of single-use cells containing metallic lithium anodes. Non-rechargeable batteries are referred to throughout the industry as “Lithium” batteries.
• Secondary (rechargeable) lithium batteries are comprised of rechargeable cells containing an intercalated lithium compound for the anode and cathode. Rechargeable lithium batteries are commonly referred to as “lithium-ion” batteries.
Single lithium-ion batteries (also referred to as cells) have an operating voltage (V) that ranges from 3.6–4.2V. Lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode during discharge. The ions reverse direction during charging. The lithiated metal oxide or phosphate coating on the cathode defines the “chemistry” of the battery.
Lithium-ion batteries have electrolytes that are typically a mixture of organic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate. The flammability characteristics (flashpoint) of common carbonates used in lithium-ion batteries vary from 18 to 145 degrees C.
Page 1 of 6 | November 2021 | www.ehs.washington.edu | Lithium-Ion Battery Safety

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