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batteries Article Effect of Lithium Salt Concentration on Materials Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance of Hybrid Inorganic/Polymer Solid Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries Debabrata Mohanty 1 , Shu-Yu Chen 1 and I-Ming Hung 1,2,* 1 2 * Correspondence: imhung@saturn.yzu.edu.tw; Tel.: +886-3-463-8800 Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries are popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density. Solid electrolytes appear to be a potential replacement for flammable liquid electrolytes in lithium bat- teries. This inorganic/hybrid solid electrolyte is a composite of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt, (poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer and sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type Li1+xAlxTi2−x(PO4)3 (LATP) ceramic powder. The struc- ture, morphology, mechanical behavior, and electrochemical performance of this composite solid electrolyte, based on various amounts of LiTFSI, were investigated. The lithium-ion transfer and conductivity increased as the LiTFSI lithium salt concentration increased. However, the mechanical strength apparently decreased once the percentage of LITFSI was over 60%. The hybrid electrolyte with 60% LiTFSI content showed high ionic conductivity of 2.14 × 10−4 S cm−1, a wide electro- chemical stability window (3–6 V) and good electrochemical stability. The capacity of the Li|60% LiTFSI/PVDF-HFP/LATP| LiFePO4 solid-state lithium-metal battery was 103.8 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C, with a high-capacity retention of 98% after 50 cycles. Keywords: solid-state battery; LiTFSI content; PVDF-HFP; hybrid electrolyte; lithium-ion mobility 1. Introduction Electronic devices have become an indispensable element of human existence in recent years, due to fast advances in science and technology, Consequent to these advances, massive amounts of electricity are demanded. The need for energy is steadily growing. However, the world’s fossil fuels are slowly depleting. Environmental consciousness is progressively growing globally, and alternative energy sources are being aggressively sought, thus, renewable energy is expected and is receiving a lot of attention. However, the search is now constrained by renewable energy’s limits and the fact that the technology is not sophisticated enough to enable reliable applications. Electrochemical energy storage technology has progressed further and is more mature than many other energy storage technologies [1]. Lithium-ion batteries have been actively developed, due to the benefits of high energy and power density [2,3]. In comparison to other secondary batteries, secondary lithium-ion batteries have a reversible internal electrochemical reaction, which not only offers better electric capacity but also ensures long-term growth [4,5]. For a lithium-ion battery to perform well it should have the following characteris- tics: (1) high energy density, (2) high working voltage, (3) stable charging and discharg- ing platform, (4) wide temperature range for use, (5) long storage life and good cycling, (6) no memory, (7) excellent safety, and (7) be light weight, amongst other benefits [6–11]. The research and demand for lithium-ion batteries are rising in tandem with the increase in environmental consciousness and the advent of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan Citation: Mohanty, D.; Chen, S.-Y.; Hung, I.-M. Effect of Lithium Salt Concentration on Materials Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance of Hybrid Inorganic/Polymer Solid Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries. Batteries2022,8,173. https:// doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100173 Academic Editor: Yu-Sheng Su Received: 14 August 2022 Accepted: 29 September 2022 Published: 9 October 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Batteries 2022, 8, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100173 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/batteriesPDF Image | Lithium Salt Concentration Electrochemical Li Ion Batteries
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