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materials Article Performance of an Indirect Packed Bed Reactor for Chemical Energy Storage Tiziano Delise 1, Salvatore Sau 2,*, Anna Chiara Tizzoni 2 , Annarita Spadoni 2, Natale Corsaro 2, Raffaele Liberatore 2 , Tania Morabito 3 and Emiliana Mansi 4 Citation: Delise,T.;Sau,S.;Tizzoni, A.C.; Spadoni, A.; Corsaro, N.; Liberatore, R.; Morabito, T.; Mansi, E. Performance of an Indirect Packed Bed Reactor for Chemical Energy Storage. Materials 2021, 14, 5149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185149 Academic Editor: Alina Pruna Received: 26 July 2021 Accepted: 3 September 2021 Published: 8 September 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 2 3 4 SM di Galeria, 00123 Roma, Italy; emiliana.mansi@gmail.com * Correspondence: salvatore.sau@enea.it Abstract: Chemical systems for thermal energy storage are promising routes to overcome the issue of solar irradiation discontinuity, helping to improve the cost-effectiveness and dispatchability of this technology. The present work is concerned with the simulation of a configuration based on an indirect-packed bed heat exchanger, for which few experimental and modelling data are available about practical applications. Since air shows advantages both as a reactant and heat transfer fluid, the modelling was performed considering a redox oxide based system, and, for this purpose, it was considered a pelletized aluminum/manganese spinel. A symmetrical configuration was selected and the calculation was carried out considering a heat duty of 125 MWth and a storage period of 8 h. Firstly, the heat exchanger was sized considering the mass and energy balances for the discharging step, and, subsequently, air inlet temperature and mass flow were determined for the charging step. The system performances were then modelled as a function of the heat exchanger length and the charging and discharging time, by solving the relative 1D Navier-Stokes equations. Despite limitations in the global heat exchange efficiency, resulting in an oversize of the storage system, the results showed a good storage efficiency of about 0.7. Keywords: thermal storage; thermochemical energy storage; indirect heat exchanger; packed bed; fluid-dynamic simulations; storage efficiency 1. Introduction The design of feasible thermal storage systems (TES) is a key point to allow com- plete commercialization and diffusion of the CSP (Concentrating Solar Power) technology, making it possible to overcome the irregularity of solar energy availability. In this regard, thermochemical accumulation (CS TES), where the enthalpy of a single reversible reac- tion is used for heat charge and discharge, is very promising among the several methods proposed and developed in the scientific literature [1–5]. Numerous chemical compounds have been investigated in this context, including oxides/hydroxides couples [6–11], carbonates/oxides [12], and processes involving reduc- tion/oxidation cycles. The latter presented a very interesting prospect allowing to use air both as reactant and heat transfer fluid (HTF) [13]. Several oxides and mixed oxides are proposed at this aim [14–17],with the general purpose to select systems with good energy ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-PROMAS-TEMAF Technical Unit for Renewable Energy Sources, Via Ravegnana 186, 48018 Faenza, Italy; tiziano.delise@enea.it ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, TERIN-STSN-SCIS Technical Unit for Renewable Energy Sources, Casaccia Center Rome-Via Anguillarese 301, SM di Galeria, 00123 Roma, Italy; annachiara.tizzoni@enea.it (A.C.T.); annarita.spadoni@enea.it (A.S.); natale.corsaro@enea.it (N.C.); raffaele.liberatore@enea.it (R.L.) Department of Chemical Engineering for the Sustainable Development, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy; tania.morabito@hotmail.it ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, FSN-FISS-SNI Laboratory of Innovative Nuclear System, Casaccia Center Rome-Via Anguillarese 301, Materials 2021, 14, 5149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185149 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsPDF Image | Indirect Packed Bed Reactor for Chemical Energy Storage
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