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564 C.-N. Sun et al. / Journal of Power Sources 248 (2014) 560e564 of balance at the rate of 0.005% h1 approximately. Note that this is a References substantial overestimation because the time spent fully char- geddthe SOC of maximum hydrogen evolutiondis a small fraction of the total duty cycle and the current from the HER will drop exponentially with voltage. Nonetheless, such a rate would require weekly rebalancing to the tune of w1%. We also point out that the higher total surface area results in substantial increases in perfor- mance. Higher operating current density translates directly to lower needed total surface area and a proportionally lower rate. 4. Conclusions The hydrogen evolution taking place in the negative electrode environment of the VRFB has been studied. Two types of carbon paper examined by buoyancy test have been found to yield distinct hydrogen formation rates. The nitrogen adsorption method, capacitance and XPS measurements have been carried out to further characterize the BETSA, the ECSA and the surface chemistry of each carbon material. With comparable surface chemistry for 10AA and CP-ESA, we attribute the 50-fold difference in hydrogen formation rate to the distinct available electrochemical surface area. As the performance of the VRFB is significantly improved by adopting high surface area and high porosity electrode materials, the rate of the side reactions in the RFB may scale up proportionally and be partly responsible for the capacity fade. Here, we address this issue by correlating the structureeproperty relationships of various carbon materials to- ward hydrogen gas evolution. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the US Department of Energy Office of Electricity Storage Systems Program directed by Dr. Imre Gyuk and the University of Tennessee Governor’s Chair Fund for support of this work. 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