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membranes Article Green H2 Production by Water Electrolysis Using Cation Exchange Membrane: Insights on Activation and Ohmic Polarization Phenomena Elisa Esposito 1 , Angelo Minotti 2,*, Enrica Fontananova 1,* , Mariagiulia Longo 1, Johannes Carolus Jansen 1 and Alberto Figoli 1 Citation: Esposito, E.; Minotti, A.; Fontananova, E.; Longo, M.; Jansen, J.C.; Figoli, A. Green H2 Production by Water Electrolysis Using Cation Exchange Membrane: Insights on Activation and Ohmic Polarization Phenomena. Membranes 2022, 12, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ membranes12010015 Academic Editor: Byungchan Bae Received: 2 November 2021 Accepted: 21 December 2021 Published: 23 December 2021 Abstract: Low-temperature electrolysis by using polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) can play an important role in hydrogen energy transition. This work presents a study on the performance of a proton exchange membrane in the water electrolysis process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In the perspective of applications that need a device with small volume and low weight, a miniaturized electrolysis cell with a 36 cm2 active area of PEM over a total surface area of 76 cm2 of the device was used. H2 and O2 production rates, electrical power, energy efficiency, Faradaic efficiency and polarization curves were determined for all experiments. The effects of different parameters such as clamping pressure and materials of the electrodes on polarization phenomena were studied. The PEM used was a catalyst-coated membrane (Ir-Pt-NafionTM 117 CCM). The maximum H2 production was about 0.02 g min−1 with a current density of 1.1 A cm−2 and a current power about 280 W. Clamping pressure and the type of electrode materials strongly influence the activation and ohmic polarization phenomena. High clamping pressure and electrodes in titanium compared to carbon electrodes improve the cell performance, and this results in lower ohmic and activation resistances. Keywords: electrolysis; green hydrogen; O2 production; proton exchange membrane; renewable energy; ohmic and activation resistances 1. Introduction Hydrogen produced without CO2 emissions can play an important role in the next years for reaching the target of decarbonization and climate neutrality. In March 2020, the European Commission proposed the Clean Hydrogen Alliance (CHA) as a strategy for developing a network between research, private companies and public institutions to promote hydrogen technology [1–3]. Over the next 30 years, hydrogen can drive the green revolution thanks to its endless potential applications in the industrial energy and transport sectors. The “hydrogen economy” can be the solution to environmental problems and a strategy for zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 [4]. Hydrogen can be produced by a variety of processes, with or without associated greenhouse gas emissions, depending on the technology and energy source used [5]. “Grey hydrogen” is produced by fossil fuels (mostly natural gas and coal), causing emission of carbon dioxide, while “blue hydrogen” is produced from natural gas or steam reform- ing processes, combined with carbon capture and storage procedures (CCS) [6]. Today, 73.9 million tons of hydrogen are produced in the world, of which 96% comes from grey and blue hydrogen, while only 4% of the produced hydrogen is green. From a climatic and environmentally friendly point of view, “green” hydrogen, generated by electrolysis of water, using electricity from renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic, wind and hydropower, is the most interesting, with the production of only oxygen as a byproduct. 1 Institute on Membrane Technology, CNR-ITM, Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy; e.esposito@itm.cnr.it (E.E.); m.longo@itm.cnr.it (M.L.); johannescarolus.jansen@cnr.it (J.C.J.); a.figoli@itm.cnr.it (A.F.) MIPRONS srl, Via Lauri 32, 00037 Segni, Italy 2 * Correspondence: angelo.minotti@miprons.com (A.M.); e.fontananova@itm.cnr.it (E.F.) Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Membranes 2022, 12, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010015 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/membranesPDF Image | Green H2 Production by Water Electrolysis
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