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International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects Tyler W. LeBaron 1,2,3,*, Randy Sharpe 4 and Kinji Ohno 5,* 1 2 3 4 5 Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-855, Japan * Correspondence: tylerlebaron@suu.edu (T.W.L.); ohnok@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp (K.O.); Tel.: +1-435-586-7818 (T.W.L.); +81-52-744-2447 (K.O.); Fax: +1-435-865-8057 (T.W.L.); +81-52-744-2449 (K.O.) Abstract: Numerous benefits have been attributed to alkaline-electrolyzed–reduced water (ERW). Sometimes these claims are associated with easily debunked concepts. The observed benefits have been conjectured to be due to the intrinsic properties of ERW (e.g., negative oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), alkaline pH, H2 gas), as well enigmatic characteristics (e.g., altered water structure, microclusters, free electrons, active hydrogen, mineral hydrides). The associated pseudoscientific marketing has contributed to the reluctance of mainstream science to accept ERW as having biological effects. Finally, through many in vitro and in vivo studies, each one of these propositions was examined and refuted one-by-one until it was conclusively demonstrated that H2 was the exclusive agent responsible for both the negative ORP and the observed therapeutic effects of ERW. This article briefly apprised the history of ERW and comprehensively reviewed the sequential research demonstrating the importance of H2. We illustrated that the effects of ERW could be readily explained by the known biological effects of H2 and by utilizing conventional chemistry without requiring any metaphysical conjecture (e.g., microclustering, free electrons, etc.) or reliance on implausible notions (e.g., alkaline water neutralizes acidic waste). The H2 concentration of ERW should be measured to ensure it is comparable to those used in clinical studies. Keywords: electrolyzed–reduced water; ionized water; alkaline water; alkaline-ionized water; hydro- gen water; functional water; alkali ion water; alkaline-reduced water 1. Introduction Electrolyzed–reduced water (ERW), also called “alkaline ionized water”, is a type of alkaline water produced from water electrolysis. The devices that perform this are known as “alkaline water ionizers” or “water electrolyzers” [1]. ERW has been a popular type of water for many decades and continues to be popularized across the world due to its many claimed health benefits. Some of the claims have a scientific rationale and are supported by published studies, whereas others lack evidence or even falsifiability [1]. Over the past 50+ years of ERW use and research, it has now been confirmed that ERW can exert meaningful biological effects and that molecular hydrogen is responsible for those biological effects [2]. Unfortunately, the recognition of the importance of H2 in ERW is still lagging. This has contributed to several unfortunate consequences including (i) the difficulty for mainstream science to accept that ERW has biological effects, (ii) the persistence and proliferation of debunked and pseudoscientific claims about ERW, (iii) inadequate scientific research on ERW, (iv) health-conscious consumers being taken advantage of when purchasing suboptimal devices, and (v) ignoring several safety concerns or even promoting them as benefits. Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia Molecular Hydrogen Institute, Enoch, UT 84721, USA Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT 84720, USA H2 Analytics, Henderson, NV 89052, USA Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Citation: LeBaron, T.W.; Sharpe, R.; Ohno, K. Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms232314750 Academic Editors: Vladimir N. Uversky and Boris Y. Zaslavsky Received: 26 October 2022 Accepted: 18 November 2022 Published: 25 November 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314750 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijmsPDF Image | Electrolyzed–Reduced Water
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