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Polymers 2021, 13, 323 22 of 26 References processes, avoiding the use of solvents is a real challenge, as several authors still needed to use some solvent to extrude their composites. However, recent successes in solvent-free processing prove that is it possible to overcome this challenge. These examples open the door for the possibility of creating the non-porous composites which are required in all- solid-state batteries via dry processing methods. For future developments, we would like to raise the attention of readers about the comparison between the classical process and new processes but also between new pro- cesses. So far, studies are focusing on showing the application of a new process, but no comparison can truly be made as various parameters are often different from one study to another. The formulation, the nature of the components, the characterizations (espe- cially regarding cycling rate of a battery) are chosen specifically by each author, leading to difficult or even impossible comparison between research groups. From our point of view, this is a critical aspect that could be improved. From this review, it appears that the polymer in electrode or electrolyte is a key com- ponent as many of the processes are derived from the polymer industry. Thus, two factors need to be clearly managed: the type of polymer that is used with a specific process and the loading content of particles. These two aspects are the ones which are limiting so far. Regarding the polymer, two paths can be considered. The first one is to change, chemically modify, or synthesize a polymer to fit the process while the second would be to suppress the polymer like in Li-S battery were the positive electrode is made by heating the sulfur followed by its penetration into mesoporous carbon matrix [96]. So far, the choice of a formulation can be narrowed thanks to Design of Experiments (DOE) but this is still a long process as several trials need to be made. With the develop- ment of machine learning and its use in the battery field, we think that this task could be greatly enhanced thanks to this approach [97]. The use of solvent-free processes seems to be limitless and even new composition of electrolyte or electrode could be developed, as long as the performances of Li-ion battery are ensured. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.V., D.L. and M.D.; Writing—Original draft, N.V.; Writing—Review & editing, G.F., D.L., A.P., D.A.-P., M.D. and N.V.; Validation, M.D., A.P. and D.A.-P.; Investigation, N.V.; Supervision, D.L., A.P., D.A.-P. and M.D.; Project administration, M.D. and D.A.-P.; Funding acquisition, M.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC RDCPJ 528052-18) and Total. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Hannan, M.A.; Hoque, M.M.; Hussain, A.; Yusof, Y.; Ker, P.J. State-of-the-art and energy management system of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle applications: Issues and recommendations. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 19362–19378. 2. Marks, T.; Trussler, S.; Smith, A.; Xiong, D.; Dahn, J. A guide to Li-ion coin-cell electrode making for academic researchers. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 158, A51. 3. Fergus, J.W. Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 4554–4569. 4. Zhang, Q.; Liu, K.; Ding, F.; Liu, X. Recent advances in solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 4139– 4174. 5. Monroe, C.; Newman, J. The impact of elastic deformation on deposition kinetics at lithium/polymer interfaces. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A396–A404. 6. Wright, P.V. Electrical conductivity in ionic complexes of poly(ethylene oxide). Br. Polym. J. 1975, 7, 319–327. 7. Das, S.; Ghosh, A. Ion conduction and relaxation in PEO-LiTFSI-Al2O3 polymer nanocomposite electrolytes. J. Appl. Phys. 2015, 117, 174103.PDF Image | Electrodes and Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries
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