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batteries Review Research Progress of Working Electrode in Electrochemical Extraction of Lithium from Brine Yangyang Wang 1,†, Guangya Zhang 2,3,†, Guangfeng Dong 1,4,* and Heng Zheng 1,* 1 2 3 4 * Correspondence: lbp120@126.com (G.D.); zy101801@163.com (H.Z.) † These authors contributed equally as co-first author. Abstract: Efficient extraction of Li from brine at a low cost is becoming a key technology to solve energy and environmental problems. Electrochemical extraction of Li has become a research hotspot due to its low energy consumption, high selectivity, and environmental friendliness. LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 are widely used as cathode materials for the electrochemical extraction of Li but they also have some drawbacks, such as a small adsorption capacity. In this paper, the principle of electrochemical Li extraction from brine is reviewed and the research progress and analysis of the above three working electrode materials is summarized. In addition, analysis of the extraction of other rare ions from the working electrode material and the effect of micro- organisms on the working electrode material is also presented. Next, the shortcomings of working electrode materials are expounded upon and the research direction of working electrode materials in electrochemical Li extraction technology are prospected. It is hoped that this paper can provide insights and guidance for the research and application of electrochemical Li extraction from brine. Keywords: brine; electrochemistry; lithium extraction; working electrode; micro-organism 1. Introduction Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal element in the world, with active chemical properties, high electrical conductivity, and specific heat capacity [1]. It is widely used in batteries, ceramics, the nuclear industry, and other fields [2]. In recent years, with the development of electronic products and new energy vehicles, the market demand for lithium resources has been increasing [3]. In addition, global lithium resources are unevenly distributed, mainly in Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, China, and Australia [4]. Generally, Li exists mainly in the form of compounds in Li ore, brine, and seawater. In particular, the Li content of brine is much larger than that of Li ore, and ore lithium extraction has the disadvantages of being highly energy-intensive and polluting, with half of the global Li raw materials coming from brine extraction [5]. In addition to Li ions, brine also contains a large amount of alkali metal ions and alkaline earth metal ions (Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ , and Ba2+ ) [6]. It is difficult to separate the lithium ions from the brine because the hydration radii and chemical properties of magnesium and lithium ions are very similar [7]. In addition, a large number of micro-organisms are present in the brine. The research shows that, in the Atacama Salt Lake in northern Chile, when the total salt concentration is 55.6%, there are still hundreds of micro-organisms, including the Archaea halovenus, Halobacterium, and haloccus, of which the most abundant is Scutellaria [8]. There are also a large number of halophilic micro-organisms in the Utah salt lake with a total salt concentration of more than 30%, in which the density of prokaryotes is greater than 2–3 × 107 cells/mL, mainly Salinibacter, Halobacillus halophilic archaea, unicellular green algae, and Dunaliella [9]. School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd., Liuzhou 545027, China SDIC Xinjiang Lop Nur Potash Co., Ltd., Hami 839000, China Citation: Wang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Dong, G.; Zheng, H. Research Progress of Working Electrode in Electrochemical Extraction of Lithium from Brine. Batteries2022,8,225. https:// doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110225 Academic Editor: Sylvain Franger Received: 13 September 2022 Accepted: 2 November 2022 Published: 8 November 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Batteries 2022, 8, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110225 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/batteriesPDF Image | Electrochemical Extraction of Lithium from Brine
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