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batteries Article Aluminum/Bromate and Aluminum/Iodate Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries Alexander Modestov 1,* , Vladimir Andreev 1 and Anatoliy Antipov 2 1 Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia Citation: Modestov, A.; Andreev, V.; Antipov, A. Aluminum/Bromate and Aluminum/Iodate Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries. Batteries 2022, 8,270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ batteries8120270 Academic Editors: Maochun Wu and Haoran Jiang Received: 30 October 2022 Accepted: 30 November 2022 Published: 4 December 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Abstract: The ever-increasing characteristics of microcomputers, sensors, actuators, and communi- cation systems require more powerful and more compact autonomous power sources. Al/bromate and Al/iodate flow batteries are proposed as new power supply units for use in oxygen-deficient environments. The batteries employ a mechanically rechargeable aluminum anode flooded with aqueous salt electrolytes or seawater, a cation-exchange membrane, and a carbonaceous porous cathode, where acidified alkali metal bromate, or iodate, is reduced in a six-electron process. The theoretical energy density of an Al/bromate flow cell per reactants is 0.65 kWh kg−1. Seawater is assumed as an electrolyte for the anode compartment. Using a H2/iodate flow cell, it is shown that iodate–iodine–iodide electrochemical transformations can be realized in both directions in acidic me- dia at carbonaceous electrodes. At 30 ◦C, the area-specific power of the single cells of the Al/bromate and Al/iodate flow batteries reaches 0.26 W cm−2 and 0.075 W cm−2, respectively. Keywords: redox flow battery; metal/air battery; aluminum/air battery; iodate; bromate 1. Introduction The ever-increasing characteristics of microcomputers, sensors, actuators, and com- munication systems require more powerful and more compact autonomous power sources. The continuously decreasing prices and increasing mass-specific and volume-specific char- acteristics of electronic devices have created a demand for portable power sources of cheaper prices and increasing power and energy densities [1–3]. The parameters of the power sources depend strongly on the area of their application. Only chemical power sources are able to meet the stringent requirements of portable electronics. Currently, and in the foreseeable future, there is no particular chemistry for power sources that satisfies all of the existing controversial criteria. Metal–air batteries are among the most powerful primary chemical power sources [4,5]. Aqueous Zn–air, Mg–air, and Al–air batteries provide high energy density coupled with safe operation. Aqueous metal–air batteries are used in safety lights, navigation buoys, and very small electronic devices, such as hearing aids. These power sources are also used as emergency power supply units. In dry states, emergency power sources of this type can be stored for years, and they are activated by the addition of aqueous electrolytes or simply water. Due to their high energy density, aqueous metal–air batteries have found their way into military applications. The high energy density of these batteries is due to the advantageous electrochemical properties of the aforementioned metals. The use of ambient oxygen as an oxidant also saves on mass and volume. A number of reviews devoted to aqueous metal–air batteries are available [6–12]. Of the three metals mentioned, aluminum is the most cheap, safe, and abundant. It is the second most-used metal. It is also the twelfth most-abundant element on earth. Because of its high valency in an oxidation state and its low molecular mass, Al is characterized by the very high electrochemical equivalent of 2980 Ah kg−1 compared with 3860 for lithium, 2 * Correspondence: amodestov@mail.ru; Tel.: +7-9152-586-590 Batteries 2022, 8, 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8120270 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/batteriesPDF Image | Aluminum Bromate Iodate Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries
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