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Entry All-Liquid Metal Battery † Yuru Ge 1 and Rudolf Holze 1,2,3,* 1 2 3 * Correspondence: rudolf.holze@chemie.tu-chemnitz.de † The more correct term would be accumulator, but it is less frequently used. Definition: A secondary battery (accumulator) employing molten metals or molten metal alloys as active masses at both electrodes and a molten salt as electrolyte in between is called an all-liquid- metal accumulator battery (LMB). Separation of the electrodes and the liquid electrolyte based on segregation caused by different densities and immiscibility of the materials is a characteristic feature. High coulometric storage capabilities of the molten-metal electrodes combined with the relatively low cell voltage and the high stability of the system and the operational principle yield a secondary battery suitable for grid applications and, in particular, for power-quality management and large-scale stationary storage. Keywords: alloys; molten metals; all-liquid metal; high-temperature battery; stationary energy storage 1. Introduction High storage capabilities of electrodes in secondary batteries and consequently high energy densities can be achieved with conversion-type electrodes utilizing in particular light elements with electrode potentials as much different as possible and a solid ion- conducting electrolyte as the only practically feasible separation option between them. The sodium/sulfur battery using a molten sodium metal negative and a sodium polysulfide (instead of the plain sulfur electrode even more promising in terms of charge storage capability) is just one example [1,2]. Substantial drawbacks in terms of costs of the solid electrolyte and the cell container, low material conductances and long-term stability of such secondary systems discussed elsewhere in this collection are related to the relatively high operating temperatures necessary to keep the active electrode materials in a liquid state required for their proper operation and the solid ion-conducting electrolyte in a sufficiently good ionically conducting state. Possibly the elevated temperature of operation is a reason these batteries are also caused thermal batteries, but apparently this term is preferably applied to thermally activated primary batteries or to thermally rechargeable batteries. Systems called molten salt batteries show slight differences in terms of materials: This term includes the batteries addressed above as well as the liquid metal batteries presented in this entry. As already suggested by the designation molten salts employed in whatever function are the name givers. They have some common advantages: Institut für Chemie, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany Department of Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China Citation: Ge, Y.; Holze, R. All-Liquid Metal Battery. Encyclopedia 2022, 2, 1859–1865. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/encyclopedia2040128 Academic Editors: Massimiliano Lo Faro and Raffaele Barretta Received: 2 September 2022 Accepted: 15 November 2022 Published: 21 November 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). • • • Cheap and abundant electrode materials; They have high rate capabilities because of fast electrode reactions and highly con- ducting materials; There are no problems related to shape change, etc., of the electrodes or the elec- trode/electrolyte interface and there is no dendrite formation during deposition, no phase change, and no grain size or grain boundary effects due to the continuous annihilation/recreation of the electrode; Encyclopedia 2022, 2, 1859–1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2040128 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/encyclopediaPDF Image | All-Liquid Metal Battery
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