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batteries Review Current Advances in TiO2-Based Nanostructure Electrodes for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries Mahmoud Madian 1,2,* ID , Alexander Eychmüller 3 and Lars Giebeler 1 ID 1 2 3 * Correspondence: m.madian@ifw-dresden.de Received: 20 November 2017; Accepted: 20 January 2018; Published: 6 February 2018 Abstract: The lithium ion battery (LIB) has proven to be a very reliably used system to store electrical energy, for either mobile or stationary applications. Among others, TiO2-based anodes are the most attractive candidates for building safe and durable lithium ion batteries with high energy density. A variety of TiO2 nanostructures has been thoroughly investigated as anodes in LIBs, e.g., nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoneedles, nanowires, and nanotubes discussed either in their pure form or in composites. In this review, we present the recent developments and breakthroughs demonstrated to synthesize safe, high power, and low cost nanostructured titania-based anodes. The reader is provided with an in-depth review of well-oriented TiO2-based nanotubes fabricated by anodic oxidation. Other strategies for modification of TiO2-based anodes with other elements or materials are also highlighted in this report. Keywords: battery; anode; titania; anodic oxidation; composite materials; carbon; performance effect; mixed oxides 1. Introduction Lithium ion batteries indisputably have become the first choice as primary power sources for portable devices and electric vehicles. They offer valuable properties, i.e., long cycle life, high energy density, reasonable production cost, and the ease of manufacturing flexible designs. These properties are the main reasons behind populating lithium ion batteries as the main part in portable devices, and, in addition, to play a central role in the on-going miniaturization of electronics and medical devices. Indeed, developing anode materials for lithium ion batteries with higher performance and competitive price is still the main hurdle to reduce weight and improve performance of LIBs. Early in 1991, Sony introduced the first lithium ion battery to the market in which graphite was used as active anode material, owing to its abundance, low production cost, and reasonable theoretical capacity (372 mAh g−1) [1–3]. This important event aroused the attention of many researchers and motivated them to do extensive work to improve the performance of lithium ion batteries. However, using graphite as anode material is accompanied by several drawbacks. It suffers from severe structure collapse and exfoliation over cycling that originally starts with the formation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) followed by rapid capacity fading. The low operating voltage of ~0.1 V vs. Li/Li+ represents another problem. Such a low potential allows for lithium electroplating at the electrode surface which requires implementing extra materials in the sense of carbon or other materials for safety issues [4]. At a high charging/discharging current rate, lithium dendrites can Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden e.V., Institute for Complex Materials, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; l.giebeler@ifw-dresden.de Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth St., Dokki EG-12622, Giza, Egypt Physical Chemistry Department, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66b, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; alexander.eychmueller@chemie.tu-dresden.de Batteries 2018, 4, 7; doi:10.3390/batteries4010007 www.mdpi.com/journal/batteriesPDF Image | Advances in TiO2 Based Nanostructure Electrodes
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